The deep biosphere of subseafl oor basalts is thought to consist of mainly prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea). Here we report fossilized fi lamentous microorganisms from subseafl oor basalts interpreted as fossilized fungal hyphae, probably Dikarya, rather than fossilized prokaryotes. The basalts were collected during the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 197 at the Emperor Seamounts, North Pacifi c Ocean, and the fossilized fungi are observed in carbonate-fi lled veins and vesicles in samples that represent a depth of ~150 m below the seafl oor. Three-dimensional visualizations using synchrotron-radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy show characteristic fungal morphology of the mycelium-like network, such as frequent branching, anastomosis, and septa. Possible presence of chitin in the hypha walls was detected by staining with Wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugated with Fluorescein Isothiocyanate and examination using fl uorescence microscopy. The presence of fungi in subseafl oor basalts challenges the present understanding of the deep subseafl oor biosphere as being exclusively prokaryotic.