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Arm hooks and structural features in the Early Permian Glochinomorpha Gordon 1971, indicative of its coleoid affiliation.
Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology. (palaeozoology)
North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences. (palaeozoology)
2014 (English)In: Lethaia: an international journal of palaeontology and stratigraphy, ISSN 0024-1164, E-ISSN 1502-3931, article id DOI: 10.1111/let.12091Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Data on the re-examined-type specimens of the Early Permian Glochinomorpha stifeli Gordon 1971 (Coleoidea, Cephalopoda) gives new insight into the evolutionary origination of gladius-bearing coleoids in the Late Palaeozoic and suggests their parallel evolution with the belemnoids and phragmoteuthids. The iron-oxidized arm hooks are found in front of a gladius on an un-illustrated paratype (USNM 170614). Theyare dispersed in a maximum distance equal to 2.5 the gladius length from the incomplete anterior end of the rachis of the gladius. The hook height ranges from less than 1 mm to as much as 4 mm. They have a massive curved base, and a strongly curved shaft with a long thin distal part. The hooks confirm the cephalopod and the coleoid affiliation of G. stifeli that is widely rejected. The iron-oxidized gladii (preserved length is less than 20 mm) show micro-laminations and a fibrous ultrastructure; the fibre bundles are approximately 0.5 lm thick. Lack of calcium and the high content of nitrogen (up to 12% of total weight) confirm the originally non-biomineralized (apparently chitin) composition of the gladii suggested by their fibrous ultrastructure. These data lead to the conclusion that in the evolutionary history of gladius-bearing coleoids, the biomaterial (biochemical) development of the skeleton preceded its morphological transformation. This phenomenon resulted in a recombination of an advanced composition (being non-biomineralized) with archaic features (sensu morphological structure of the posterior part) in the gladius of G. stifeli. The data castdoubt on the hypothesized origination of a gladius from a phragmoteuthid pro-ostracum as well as the evolutionary origination of the gladius-bearing coleoids from pro-ostracum-bearing phragmoteuthids or belemnitids.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2014. article id DOI: 10.1111/let.12091
Keywords [en]
Cephalopoda, Coleoidea, Early Permian, gladius ultrastructure, gladius/arm hooks association
National Category
Natural Sciences
Research subject
Diversity of life
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:nrm:diva-1317DOI: 10.1111/let.12091OAI: oai:DiVA.org:nrm-1317DiVA, id: diva2:862509
Projects
Evolutionary morphology and shell ultrastructures as a kewy to higher level cephalopod phylogenyAvailable from: 2015-10-22 Created: 2015-10-01 Last updated: 2017-12-01Bibliographically approved

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