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  • 1. Andersson, Ki
    et al.
    Norman, David
    Werdelin, Lars
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Sabertoothed carnivores and the killing of large prey2011In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 6, no 10, p. e24971-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sabre-like canines clearly have the potential to inflict grievous wounds leading to massive blood loss and rapid death. Hypotheses concerning sabretooth killing modes include attack to soft parts such as the belly or throat, where biting deep is essential to generate strikes reaching major blood vessels. Sabretoothed carnivorans are widely interpreted as hunters of larger and more powerful prey than that of their present-day nonsabretoothed relatives. However, the precise functional advantage of the sabretooth bite, particularly in relation to prey size, is unknown. Here, we present a new point-to-point bite model and show that, for sabretooths, depth of the killing bite decreases dramatically with increasing prey size. The extended gape of sabretooths only results in considerable increase in bite depth when biting into prey with a radius of less than ~10 cm. For sabretooths, this size-reversed functional advantage suggests predation on species within a similar size range to those attacked by present-day carnivorans, rather than “megaherbivores” as previously believed. The development of the sabretooth condition appears to represent a shift in function and killing behaviour, rather than one in predator-prey relations. Furthermore, our results demonstrate how sabretoothed carnivorans are likely to have evolved along a functionally continuous trajectory: beginning as an extension of a jaw-powered killing bite, as adopted by present-day pantherine cats, followed by neck-powered biting and thereafter shifting to neck-powered shear-biting. We anticipate this new insight to be a starting point for detailed study of the evolution of pathways that encompass extreme specialisation, for example, understanding how neck-powered biting shifts into shear-biting and its significance for predator-prey interactions. We also expect that our model for point-to-point biting and bite depth estimations will yield new insights into the behaviours of a broad range of extinct predators including therocephalians (gorgonopsian + cynodont, sabretoothed mammal-like reptiles), sauropterygians (marine reptiles) and theropod dinosaurs.

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  • 2.
    Atherton, Sarah
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Jondelius, Ulf
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology. Stockholm University.
    A taxonomic review and revisions of Microstomidae (Platyhelminthes: Macrostomorpha)2019In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 14, no 4, article id e0212073Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Microstomidae (Platyhelminthes: Macrostomorpha) diversity has been almost entirely ignored within recent years, likely due to inconsistent and often old taxonomic literature and a general rarity of sexually mature collected specimens. Herein, we reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the group using both previously published and new 18S and CO1 gene sequences. We present some taxonomic revisions of Microstomidae and further describe 8 new species of Microstomum based on both molecular and morphological evidence. Finally, we briefly review the morphological taxonomy of each species and provide a key to aid in future research and identification that is not dependent on reproductive morphology. Our goal is to clarify the taxonomy and facilitate future research into an otherwise very understudied group of tiny (but important) flatworms.

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  • 3. Boethius, Adam
    et al.
    Kjällquist, Mathilda
    Kielman-Schmitt, Melanie
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Ahlström, Torbjörn
    Larsson, Lars
    Early Holocene Scandinavian foragers on a journey to affluence: Mesolithic fish exploitation, seasonal abundance and storage investigated through strontium isotope ratios by laser ablation (LA‐MC-ICP‐MS)2021In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 16, no 1, p. e0245222-e0245222Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 4. Costello, Mark J.
    et al.
    Bouchet, Philippe
    Boxshall, Geoff
    Fauchald, Kristian
    Gordon, Dennis
    Hoeksema, Bert W.
    Poore, Gary C. B.
    van Soest, Rob W. M.
    Stöhr, Sabine
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Walter, T. Chad
    Vanhoorne, Bart
    Decock, Wim
    Appeltans, Ward
    Global Coordination and Standardisation in Marine Biodiversity through the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) and Related Databases2013In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 8, no 1, p. e51629-e51629Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 5.
    Dagtekin, Dilsad
    et al.
    Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University.
    Sahan, Evrim A.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Denk, Thomas
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Köse, Nesibe
    Department of Forest Botany, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa.
    Dalfes, H. Nüzhet
    Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul.
    Past, present and future distributions of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) under climate change projections2020In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 15, no 11, p. 1-19, article id e0242280Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Species distribution models can help predicting range shifts under climate change. The aimof this study is to investigate the late Quaternary distribution of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis)and to project future distribution ranges under different climate change scenarios usinga combined palaeobotanical, phylogeographic, and modelling approach. Five species distributionmodelling algorithms under the R-package ‘biomod2‘were applied to occurrence dataof Fagus orientalis to predict distributions under present, past (Last Glacial Maximum, 21ka, Mid-Holocene, 6 ka), and future climatic conditions with different scenarios obtainedfrom MIROC-ESM and CCSM4 global climate models. Distribution models were comparedto palaeobotanical and phylogeographic evidence. Pollen data indicate northern Turkey andthe western Caucasus as refugia for Oriental beech during the Last Glacial Maximum.Although pollen records are missing, molecular data point to Last Glacial Maximum refugiain northern Iran. For the mid-Holocene, pollen data support the presence of beech in thestudy region. Species distribution models predicted present and Last Glacial Maximum distributionof Fagus orientalis moderately well yet underestimated mid-Holocene ranges.Future projections under various climate scenarios indicate northern Iran and the Caucasusregion as major refugia for Oriental beech. Combining palaeobotanical, phylogeographicand modelling approaches is useful when making projections about distributions of plants.Palaeobotanical and molecular evidence reject some of the model projections. Nevertheless,the projected range reduction in the Caucasus region and northern Iran highlights theirimportance as long-term refugia, possibly related to higher humidity, stronger environmentaland climatic heterogeneity and strong vertical zonation of the forest vegetation.

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    Dagtekin et al 2020 F orientalis
  • 6.
    Daume, Stefan
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics. University of Göttingen; Stockholm Resilience Centre.
    Galaz, Victor
    Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University.
    “Anyone Know What Species This Is?” – Twitter Conversations as Embryonic Citizen Science Communities2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 3Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Social media like blogs, micro-blogs or social networks are increasingly being investigated and employed to detect and predict trends for not only social and physical phenomena, but also to capture environmental information. Here we argue that opportunistic biodiversity observations published through Twitter represent one promising and until now unexplored example of such data mining. As we elaborate, it can contribute to real-time information to traditional ecological monitoring programmes including those sourced via citizen science activities. Using Twitter data collected for a generic assessment of social media data in ecological monitoring we investigated a sample of what we denote biodiversity observations with species determination requests (N = 191). These entail images posted as messages on the micro-blog service Twitter. As we show, these frequently trigger conversations leading to taxonomic determinations of those observations. All analysed Tweets were posted with species determination requests, which generated replies for 64% of Tweets, 86% of those contained at least one suggested determination, of which 76% were assessed as correct. All posted observations included or linked to images with the overall image quality categorised as satisfactory or better for 81% of the sample and leading to taxonomic determinations at the species level in 71% of provided determinations. We claim that the original message authors and conversation participants can be viewed as implicit or embryonic citizen science communities which have to offer valuable contributions both as an opportunistic data source in ecological monitoring as well as potential active contributors to citizen science programmes.

  • 7.
    de Sousa, Filipe
    et al.
    Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Bertrand, Yann J. K.
    Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Nylinder, Nylinder
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany.
    Oxelman, Bengt
    Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Eriksson, Jonna S.
    Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Pfeil, Bernard E.
    Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Phylogenetic Properties of 50 Nuclear Loci in Medicago (Leguminosae) Generated Using Multiplexed Sequence Capture and Next-Generation Sequencing2014In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 9, no 10Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Next-generation sequencing technology has increased the capacity to generate molecular data for plant biological research,including phylogenetics, and can potentially contribute to resolving complex phylogenetic problems. The evolutionaryhistory of Medicago L. (Leguminosae: Trifoliae) remains unresolved due to incongruence between published phylogenies.Identification of the processes causing this genealogical incongruence is essential for the inference of a correct speciesphylogeny of the genus and requires that more molecular data, preferably from low-copy nuclear genes, are obtainedacross different species. Here we report the development of 50 novel LCN markers in Medicago and assess the phylogeneticproperties of each marker. We used the genomic resources available for Medicago truncatula Gaertn., hybridisation-basedgene enrichment (sequence capture) techniques and Next-Generation Sequencing to generate sequences. This alternativeproves to be a cost-effective approach to amplicon sequencing in phylogenetic studies at the genus or tribe level andallows for an increase in number and size of targeted loci. Substitution rate estimates for each of the 50 loci are provided,and an overview of the variation in substitution rates among a large number of low-copy nuclear genes in plants ispresented for the first time. Aligned sequences of major species lineages of Medicago and its sister genus are made availableand can be used in further probe development for sequence-capture of the same markers.

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  • 8. DOGUZHAEVA, Larisa
    et al.
    BENGTSON, Stefan
    REGUERO, Marcelo
    Mörs, Thomas
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    An Eocene orthocone from Antarctica shows convergent evolution of internally shelled cephalopods2017In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 12, no 3, article id e0172169Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background

    The Subclass Coleoidea (Class Cephalopoda) accommodates the diverse present-day internally shelled cephalopod mollusks (Spirula, Sepia and octopuses, squids, Vampyroteuthis) and also extinct internally shelled cephalopods. Recent Spirula represents a unique coleoid retaining shell structures, a narrow marginal siphuncle and globular protoconch that signify the ancestry of the subclass Coleoidea from the Paleozoic subclass Bactritoidea. This hypothesis has been recently supported by newly recorded diverse bactritoid-like coleoids from the Carboniferous of the USA, but prior to this study no fossil cephalopod indicative of an endochochleate branch with an origin independent from subclass Bactritoidea has been reported.

    Methodology/Principal findings

    Two orthoconic conchs were recovered from the Early Eocene of Seymour Island at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica. They have loosely mineralized organic-rich chitin-compatible microlaminated shell walls and broadly expanded central siphuncles. The morphological, ultrustructural and chemical data were determined and characterized through comparisons with extant and extinct taxa using Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM/EDS).

    Conclusions/Significance

    Our study presents the first evidence for an evolutionary lineage of internally shelled cephalopods with independent origin from Bactritoidea/Coleoidea, indicating convergent evolution with the subclass Coleoidea. A new subclass Paracoleoidea Doguzhaeva n. subcl. is established for accommodation of orthoconic cephalopods with the internal shell associated with a broadly expanded central siphuncle. Antarcticerida Doguzhaeva n. ord., Antarcticeratidae Doguzhaeva n. fam., Antarcticeras nordenskjoeldi Doguzhaeva n. gen., n. sp. are described within the subclass Paracoleoidea. The analysis of organic-rich shell preservation of A. nordenskjoeldi by use of SEM/EDS techniques revealed fossilization of hyposeptal cameral soft tissues. This suggests that a depositional environment favoring soft-tissue preservation was the factor enabling conservation of the weakly mineralized shell of A. nordenskjoeldi.

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  • 9. Díez, Beatriz
    et al.
    Nylander, Johan A A
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics. BILS.
    Ininbergs, Karolina
    Dupont, Christopher L
    Allen, Andrew E
    Yooseph, Shibu
    Rusch, Douglas B
    Bergman, Birgitta
    Metagenomic Analysis of the Indian Ocean Picocyanobacterial Community: Structure, Potential Function and Evolution.2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 5Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Unicellular cyanobacteria are ubiquitous photoautotrophic microbes that contribute substantially to global primary production. Picocyanobacteria such as Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus depend on chlorophyll a-binding protein complexes to capture light energy. In addition, Synechococcus has accessory pigments organized into phycobilisomes, and Prochlorococcus contains chlorophyll b. Across a surface water transect spanning the sparsely studied tropical Indian Ocean, we examined Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus occurrence, taxonomy and habitat preference in an evolutionary context. Shotgun sequencing of size fractionated microbial communities from 0.1 μm to 20 μm and subsequent phylogenetic analysis indicated that cyanobacteria account for up to 15% of annotated reads, with the genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus comprising 90% of the cyanobacterial reads, even in the largest size fraction (3.0-20 mm). Phylogenetic analyses of cyanobacterial light-harvesting genes (chl-binding pcb/isiA, allophycocyanin (apcAB), phycocyanin (cpcAB) and phycoerythin (cpeAB)) mostly identified picocyanobacteria clades comprised of overlapping sequences obtained from Indian Ocean, Atlantic and/or Pacific Oceans samples. Habitat reconstructions coupled with phylogenetic analysis of the Indian Ocean samples suggested that large Synechococcus-like ancestors in coastal waters expanded their ecological niche towards open oligotrophic waters in the Indian Ocean through lineage diversification and associated streamlining of genomes (e.g. loss of phycobilisomes and acquisition of Chl b); resulting in contemporary small celled Prochlorococcus. Comparative metagenomic analysis with picocyanobacteria populations in other oceans suggests that this evolutionary scenario may be globally important.

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  • 10. El Albani, Abderrazak
    et al.
    Bengtson, Stefan
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Canfield, Donald E.
    Riboulleau, Armelle
    Rollion Bard, Claire
    Macchiarelli, Roberto
    Ngombi Pemba, Lauriss
    Hammarlund, Emma
    Meunier, Alain
    Moubiya Mouele, Idalina
    Benzerara, Karim
    Bernard, Sylvain
    Boulvais, Philippe
    Chaussidon, Marc
    Cesari, Christian
    Fontaine, Claude
    Chi-Fru, Ernest
    Garcia Ruiz, Juan Manuel
    Gauthier-Lafaye, François
    Mazurier, Arnaud
    Pierson-Wickmann, Anne Catherine
    Rouxel, Olivier
    Trentesaux, Alain
    Vecoli, Marco
    Versteegh, Gerard J. M.
    White, Lee
    Whitehouse, Martin
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Bekker, Andrey
    The 2.1 Ga old Francevillian biota: biogenicity, taphonomy and biodiversity.2014In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 9, no 6:e99438, p. 1-18Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Paleoproterozoic Era witnessed crucial steps in the evolution of Earth’s surface environments following the first appreciable rise of free atmospheric oxygen concentrations ~2.3 to 2.1 Ga ago, and concomitant shallow ocean oxygenation. While most sedimentary successions deposited during this time interval have experienced thermal overprinting from burial diagenesis and metamorphism, the ca. 2.1 Ga black shales of the Francevillian B Formation (FB2) cropping out in southeastern Gabon have not. The Francevillian Formation contains centimeter-sized structures interpreted as organized and spatially discrete populations of colonial organisms living in an oxygenated marine ecosystem. Here, new material from the FB2 black shales is presented and analyzed to further explore its biogenicity and taphonomy. Our extended record comprises variably sized, shaped, and structured pyritized macrofossils of lobate, elongated, and rodshaped morphologies as well as abundant non-pyritized disk-shaped macrofossils and organic-walled acritarchs. Combined microtomography, geochemistry, and sedimentary analysis suggest a biota fossilized during early diagenesis. The emergence of this biota follows a rise in atmospheric oxygen, which is consistent with the idea that surface oxygenation allowed the evolution and ecological expansion of complex megascopic life.

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  • 11.
    Gorokhova, Elena
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science.
    Soerensen, Anne L.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental research and monitoring. Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science.
    Motwani, Nisha H.
    Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science.
    Mercury-methylating bacteria are associatedwith copepods: A proof-of-principle survey inthe Baltic Sea2020In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 15, no 3Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Methylmercury (MeHg) is a potent neurotoxin that biomagnifies in marine food webs. Inorganicmercury (Hg) methylation is conducted by heterotrophic bacteria inhabiting sedimentor settling detritus, but endogenous methylation by the gut microbiome of animals in thelower food webs is another possible source. We examined the occurrence of the bacterialgene (hgcA), required for Hg methylation, in the guts of dominant zooplankters in the NorthernBaltic Sea. A qPCR assay targeting the hgcA sequence in three main clades (Deltaproteobacteria,Firmicutes and Archaea) was used in the field-collected specimens ofcopepods (Acartia bifilosa, Eurytemora affinis, Pseudocalanus acuspes and Limnocalanusmacrurus) and cladocerans (Bosmina coregoni maritima and Cercopagis pengoi). All copepodswere found to carry hgcA genes in their gut microbiome, whereas no amplification wasrecorded in the cladocerans. In the copepods, hgcA genes belonging to only Deltaproteobacteriaand Firmicutes were detected. These findings suggest a possibility that endogenousHg methylation occurs in zooplankton and may contribute to seasonal, spatial andvertical MeHg variability in the water column and food webs. Additional molecular and metagenomicsstudies are needed to identify bacteria carrying hgcA genes and improve theirquantification in microbiota.

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  • 12.
    Groenewald, David P.
    et al.
    Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
    Krüger, Ashley
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Day, Michael O.
    Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
    Penn-Clarke, Cameron R.
    Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
    Hancox, P. John
    Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
    Rubidge, Bruce S.
    Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
    Unique trackway on Permian Karoo shoreline provides evidence of temnospondyl locomotory behaviour2023In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 18, no 3, article id e0282354Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Large-bodied temnospondyl amphibians were the dominant predators in non-marine aquatic ecosystems from the Carboniferous to the Middle Triassic. In the Permian-aged lower Beaufort Group ofthe main Karoo Basin, South Africa, temnospondyls are represented exclusively by the family Rhinesuchidae and are well represented by body fossils, whereas trace fossils are scarce. Accordingly, most interpretations of the behaviour of this family are based on skeletal morphology and histological data. Here we document the sedimentology and palaeontology of a late Permian palaeosurface situated immediately below the palaeoshoreline ofthe Ecca Sea (transition from the Ecca Group to the Beaufort Group) near the town of Estcourt in KwaZulu-Natal Province. The surface preserves numerous ichnofossils, including tetrapod footprints and fish swim-trails, but most striking are seven body impressions and associated swim trails that we attribute to amedium-sized (~1.9 mlong) rhinesuchid temnospondyl. These provide valuable insight into the behaviour of these animals. The sinuous shape ofsome of the traces suggest that the tracemaker swam with continuous sub-undulatory propulsion of the tail.

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  • 13. Heinrichs, Jochen
    et al.
    Scheben, Armin
    Bechteler, Julia
    Lee, Gaik Ee
    Schäfer-Verwimp, Alfons
    Hedenäs, Lars
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany.
    Singh, Hukam
    Pócs, Tamas
    Nascimbene, Paul C.
    Peralta, Denilson F.
    Renner, Matt
    Schmidt, Alexander R.
    Crown group Lejeuneaceae and pleurocarpous mosses in Early Eocene (Ypresian) Indian amber2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 5, p. 1-15, article id e156301Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 14.
    Herrera, Fabiany
    et al.
    Chicago Botanic Garden.
    Shi, Gongle
    State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology.
    Mays, Chris
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Ichinnorov, Niiden
    Institute of Paleontology and Geology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences.
    Takahashi, Masamichi
    Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Niigata University.
    Bevitt, Joseph
    Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation.
    Herendeen, Patrick
    Chicago Botanic Garden.
    Crane, Peter Robert
    Oak Spring Gardens.
    Reconstructing Krassilovia mongolica supports recognition of a new and unusual group of Mesozoic conifers2020In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 15, no 1, p. 1-21, article id e0226779Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Previously unrecognized anatomical features of the cone scales of the enigmatic Early Cretaceous conifer Krassilovia mongolica include the presence of transversely oriented paracytic stomata, which is unusual for all other extinct and extant conifers. Identical stomata arepresent on co-occurring broad, linear, multiveined leaves assigned to Podozamites harrisii, providing evidence that K. mongolica and P. harrisii are the seed cones and leaves of the same extinct plant. Phylogenetic analyses of the relationships of the reconstructed Krassilovia plant place it in an informal clade that we name the Krassilovia Clade, which also includes Swedenborgia cryptomerioides–Podozamites schenkii, and Cycadocarpidium erdmanni–Podozamites schenkii. All three of these plants have linear leaves that are relatively broad compared to most living conifers, and that are also multiveined with transversely oriented paracytic stomata. We propose that these may be general features of the Krassilovia Clade. Paracytic stomata, and other features of this new group, recall features of extant and fossil Gnetales, raising questions about the phylogenetic homogeneity of the conifer clade similar to those raised by phylogenetic analyses of molecular data.

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  • 15.
    Ivarsson, Magnus
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Bengtson, Stefan
    Skogby, Henrik
    Lazor, Peter
    Broman, Curt
    Belivanova, Veneta
    Marone, Federica
    A fungal-prokaryotic consortium at the basalt-zeolite interface in subseafloor igneous crust2015In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 16.
    Ivarsson, Magnus
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Broman, Curt
    Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Håkan, Gustafsson
    Department of Biomedical Engineering (MTÖ), County Council of Östergötland, Radiation Physics, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
    Holm, Nils
    Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Biogenic Mn-oxides in subseafloor basalts2015In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 10, no 6, article id e0128863Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The deep biosphere of the subseafloor basalts is recognized as a major scientific frontier in disciplines like biology, geology, and oceanography. Recently, the presence of fungi in these environments has involved a change of view regarding diversity and ecology. Here, we describe fossilized fungal communities in vugs in subseafloor basalts from a depth of 936.65 metres below seafloor at the Detroit Seamount, Pacific Ocean. These fungal communities are closely associated with botryoidal Mn oxides composed of todorokite. Analyses of the Mn oxides by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy (EPR) indicate a biogenic signature. We suggest, based on mineralogical, morphological and EPR data, a biological origin of the botryoidal Mn oxides. Our results show that fungi are involved in Mn cycling at great depths in the seafloor and we introduce EPR as a means to easily identify biogenic Mn oxides in these environments.

  • 17.
    Ivarsson, Magnus
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology. University of Southern Denmark, Department of Biology and Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, Campusvej 55, Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark.
    Skogby, Henrik
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Phichaikamjornwut, Bongkot
    Gems and Jewelry Program, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand .
    Bengtson, Stefan
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Siljeström, Sandra
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials/Chemistry and Materials, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Ounchanum, Prayote
    Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
    Boonsong, Apichet
    Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
    Kruachanta, M
    Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand .
    Marone, Federica
    Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
    Belivanova, Veneta
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Sara, Holmström
    Stockholm University, Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Intricate tunnels in garnets from soils and rivere sediments in Thailand - possible endolithic microborings2018In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 13, no 8, article id e0200351Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Garnets from disparate geographical environments and origins such as oxidized soils and river sediments in Thailand host intricate systems of microsized tunnels that significantly decrease the quality and value of the garnets as gems. The origin of such tunneling has previously been attributed to abiotic processes. Here we present physical and chemical remains of endolithic microorganisms within the tunnels and discuss a probable biological origin of the tunnels. Extensive investigations with synchrotron-radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) reveal morphological indications of biogenicity that further support a euendolithic interpretation. We suggest that the production of the tunnels was initiated by a combination of abiotic and biological processes, and that at later stages biological processes came to dominate. In environments such as river sediments and oxidized soils garnets are among the few remaining sources of bio-available Fe2+, thus it is likely that microbially mediated boring of the garnets has trophic reasons. Whatever the reason for garnet boring, the tunnel system represents a new endolithic habitat in a hard silicate mineral otherwise known to be resistant to abrasion and chemical attack.

  • 18.
    Iwaszkiewicz-Eggebrecht, Elzbieta
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics.
    Łukasik, Piotr
    Buczek, Mateusz
    Deng, Junchen
    Hartop, Emily A.
    Havnås, Harald
    Prus-Frankowska, Monika
    Ugarph, Carina R.
    Viteri, Paulina
    Andersson, Anders F.
    Roslin, Tomas
    Tack, Ayco J. M.
    Ronquist, Fredrik
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics.
    Miraldo, Andreia
    FAVIS: Fast and versatile protocol for non-destructive metabarcoding of bulk insect samples2023In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 18, no 7, p. e0286272-e0286272Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 19.
    Johansson, Ulf S.
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Pasquet, Eric
    Irestedt, Martin
    The New Zealand: Thrush: An extinct Oriole2011In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 6, no 9, article id e24317Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 20.
    Jondelius, Ulf
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Meyer-Wachsmuth, Inga
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Hyper-cryptic marine meiofauna: species complexes in Nemertodermatida2014In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 9, no 9, article id e107688Article in journal (Refereed)
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    meyer-Wachsmuth & Jondelius 2014
  • 21. Kahle, Patricia
    et al.
    Rolvien, Tim
    Kierdorf, Horst
    Roos, Anna
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental research and monitoring.
    Siebert, Ursula
    Kierdorf, Uwe
    Age-related changes in size, bonemicroarchitecture and volumetric bonemineral density of the mandible in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina)2019In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 14, no 10Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 22.
    Kalthoff, Daniela
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Schulz-Kornas, Ellen
    Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
    Corfe, Ian
    University of Helsinki.
    Martin, Thomas
    Universität Bonn.
    McLoughlin, Stephen
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Schultz, Julia A.
    Universität Bonn.
    Complementary approaches to tooth wear analysisin Tritylodontidae (Synapsida, Mammaliamorpha)reveal a generalist diet.2019In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 14, no 7, p. 1-24, article id e0220188Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Stereoscopic microwear and 3D surface texture analyses on the cheek teeth of ten Upper Triassic to Lower Cretaceous tritylodontid (Mammaliamorpha) taxa of small/medium to large body size suggest that all were generalist feeders and none was a dietary specialist adapted to herbivory. There was no correspondence between body size and food choice. Stereomicroscopic microwear analysis revealed predominantly fine wear features with numerous small pits and less abundant fine scratches as principal components. Almost all analyzed facets bear some coarser microwear features, such as coarse scratches, large pits, puncture pits and gouges pointing to episodic feeding on harder food items or exogenous effects (contamination of food with soil grit and/or dust), or both. 3D surface texture analysis indicates predominantly fine features with large void volume, low peak densities, and various stages of roundness of the peaks. We interpret these features to indicate consumption of food items with low to moderate intrinsic abrasiveness and can exclude regular rooting, digging or caching behavior. Possible food items include plant vegetative parts, plant reproductive structures (seeds and seed-bearing organs), and invertebrates (i.e., insects). Although the tritylodontid tooth morphology and auto-occlusion suggest plants as the primary food resource, our results imply a wider dietary range including animal matter.

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  • 23.
    Kiel, Steffen
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Hansen, Bent
    Cenozoic methane-seep faunas of the Caribbean region2015In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 10, no 10, article id e0140788Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report new examples of Cenozoic cold-seep communities from Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Venezuela, and attempt to improve the stratigraphic dating of Cenozoic Caribbean seep communities using strontium isotope stratigraphy. Two seep faunas are distinguished in Barbados: the late Eocene mudstone-hosted ‘Joes River fauna’ consists mainly of large lucinid bivalves and tall abyssochrysoid gastropods, and the early Miocene carbonate-hosted ‘Bath Cliffs fauna’ containing the vesicomyid Pleurophopsis, the mytilid Bathymodiolus and small gastropods. Two new Oligocene seep communities from the Sinú River basin in Colombia consist of lucinid bivalves including Elongatolucina, thyasirid and solemyid bivalves, and Pleurophopsis. A new early Miocene seep community from Cuba includes Pleurophopsis and the large lucinid Meganodontia. Strontium isotope stratigraphy suggests an Eocene age for the Cuban Elmira asphalt mine seep community, making it the oldest in the Caribbean region. A new basal Pliocene seep fauna from the Dominican Republic is characterized by the large lucinid Anodontia (Pegophysema). In Trinidad we distinguish two types of seep faunas: the mudstone-hosted Godineau River fauna consisting mainly of lucinid bivalves, and the limestone-hosted Freeman’s Bay fauna consisting chiefly of Pleurophopsis, Bathymodiolus, and small gastropods; they are all dated as late Miocene. Four new seep communities of Oligocene to Miocene age are reported from Venezuela. They consist mainly of large globular lucinid bivalves including Meganodontia, and moderately sized vesicomyid bivalves. After the late Miocene many large and typical ‘Cenozoic’ lucinid genera disappeared from the Caribbean seeps and are today known only from the central Indo-Pacific Ocean. We speculate that the increasingly oligotrophic conditions in the Caribbean Sea after the closure of the Isthmus of Panama in the Pliocene may have been unfavorable for such large lucinids because they are only facultative chemosymbiotic and need to derive a significant proportion of their nutrition from suspended organic matter.

  • 24.
    Kiel, Steffen
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Peckmann, Jörn
    Resource partitioning among brachiopods and bivalves at ancient hydrocarbon seeps: A hypothesis2019In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 14, no 9, article id e0221887Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 25. Kuhn, Brian F.
    et al.
    Werdelin, Lars
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Hartstone-Rose, Adam
    Lacruz, Rodrigo S.
    Berger, Lee R.
    Carnivoran remains from the Malapa hominin site, South Africa2011In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 6, no 11, p. e26940-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recent discoveries at the new hominin-bearing deposits of Malapa, South Africa, have yielded a rich faunal assemblage associated with the newly described hominin taxon Australopithecus sediba. Dating of this deposit using U-Pb and palaeomagnetic methods has provided an age of 1.977 Ma, being one of the most accurately dated, time constrained deposits in the Plio-Pleistocene of southern Africa. To date, 81 carnivoran specimens have been identified at this site including members of the families Canidae, Viverridae, Herpestidae, Hyaenidae and Felidae. Of note is the presence of the extinct taxon Dinofelis cf. D. barlowi that may represent the last appearance date for this species. Extant large carnivores are represented by specimens of leopard (Panthera pardus) and brown hyaena (Parahyaena brunnea). Smaller carnivores are also represented, and include the genera Atilax and Genetta, as well as Vulpes cf. V. chama. Malapa may also represent the first appearance date for Felis nigripes (Black-footed cat). The geochronological age of Malapa and the associated hominin taxa and carnivoran remains provide a window of research into mammalian evolution during a relatively unknown period in South Africa and elsewhere. In particular, the fauna represented at Malapa has the potential to elucidate aspects of the evolution of Dinofelis and may help resolve competing hypotheses about faunal exchange between East and Southern Africa during the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene.

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  • 26.
    Kullander, Sven
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Rahman, MD. Mizanur
    University of Dhaka.
    Norén, Michael
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Mollah, Abdur Rob
    University of Dhaka.
    Devario in Bangladesh: species diversity, sibling species, and introgression in danionin cyprinids (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Danioninae2017In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, p. 1-37, article id 12(11): e0186895Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Four species of Devario are recorded from Bangladesh: D. aequipinnatus, D. anomalus, D. coxi, new species, and D. devario. Devario aequipinnatus has a wide distribution in northern India and Bangladesh. Devario coxi, from southeastern Bangladesh near Cox’s Bazar, differs from D. aequipinnatus in mtDNA (COI, p-distance 1.8%), colouration, proportional measurements, and meristics. The minor morphological differences and low frequency of overlapping meristics suggest relatively recent separation of D. coxi from other D. aequipinnatus. Devario anomalus occurs only in southeastern Bangladesh and is here reported from localities in addition to the type locality. It differs from the similar D. xyrops in adjacent Myanmar by slender body shape and by 2.3% p-distance in the COI gene. Specimens of D. anomalus from the Sangu River were found to have the mitochondrial genome of D. aequipinnatus from Bangladesh, but agree with other D. anomalus in the nuclear RAG1 gene. Devario devario has a wide distribution on the Indian Peninsula and border regions; in Bangladesh it is restricted in distribution to the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Meghna drainages. Reports of D. assamensis and D. malabaricus from Bangladesh are misidentifications. Perilampus ostreographus M’Clelland, 1839, is tentatively synonymized with D. aequipinnatus. Phylogenetic analysis of 14 species of striped devarios based on the COI gene results in a polytomy with four unresolved clades. Devario deruptotalea from the Chindwin basin is the sister group of D. aequipinnatus+D. coxi. Devario devario is the sistergroup of D. xyrops+D. anomalus.

  • 27. Laeverenz Schlogelhofer, Hannah
    et al.
    Peaudecerf, François J.
    Bunbury, Freddy
    Whitehouse, Martin J.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Foster, Rachel A.
    Smith, Alison G.
    Croze, Ottavio A.
    Combining SIMS and mechanistic modelling to reveal nutrient kinetics in an algal-bacterial mutualism2021In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 16, no 5, p. e0251643-e0251643Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 28.
    Lah, Ljerka
    et al.
    University of Potsdam, Germany.
    Trense, Daronja
    University of Potsdam, Germany.
    Benke, Harald
    Deutches Meeremuseum, Stralsund, Germany.
    Berggren, Per
    Dove Marine Laboratory, School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, UK.
    Gunnlaugsson, Þorvaldur
    Marine Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland.
    Christina, Lockyer
    North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission, Tromsö, Norway.
    Özturk, Ayaka
    Marine Biology Department, Istanbul University, Turkey.
    Pawliczka, Iwona
    Hel Marine Station, University of Gdansk, Poland.
    Roos, Anna
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental research and monitoring.
    Siebert, Ursula
    ITAW, Univ of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover Foundation, Busum, Germany.
    Skora, Krzysztof
    Hel Marine Station, Univ of Gansk, Poland.
    Vikingsson, Gisli
    Marine Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland.
    Ralph, Tiedemann
    Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Zooology, University of Potsdam, Germany.
    Spatially Explicit Analysis of Genome-Wide SNPs Detects Subtle Population Structure in a Mobile Marine Mammal, the Harbor Porpoise2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Plos, Vol. 11, no 10, p. e0162792-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The population structure of the highly mobile marine mammal, the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), in the Atlantic shelf waters follows a pattern of significant isolation-bydistance. The population structure of harbor porpoises from the Baltic Sea, which is connected with the North Sea through a series of basins separated by shallow underwater ridges, however, is more complex. Here, we investigated the population differentiation of harbor porpoises in European Seas with a special focus on the Baltic Sea and adjacent waters, using a population genomics approach. We used 2872 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), derived from double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq), as well as 13 microsatellite loci and mitochondrial haplotypes for the same set of individuals. Spatial principal components analysis (sPCA), and Bayesian clustering on a subset of SNPs suggest three main groupings at the level of all studied regions: the Black Sea, the North Atlantic, and the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, we observed a distinct separation of the North Sea harbor porpoises from the Baltic Sea populations, and identified splits between porpoise populations within the Baltic Sea. We observed a notable distinction between the Belt Sea and the Inner Baltic Sea sub-regions. Improved delineation of harbor porpoise population assignments for the Baltic based on genomic evidence is important for conservation management of this endangered cetacean in threatened habitats, particularly in the Baltic Sea proper. In addition, we show that SNPs outperform microsatellite markers and demonstrate the utility of RAD-tags from a relatively small, opportunistically sampled cetacean sample set for population diversity and divergence analysis.

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  • 29.
    Leppänen, Sanna
    et al.
    Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.
    Malm, Tobias
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Värri, Kaisa
    Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.
    Nyman, Tommi
    Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Svanvik, Norway.
    A Comparative Analysis of Genetic Differentiation across Six Shared Willow Host Species in Leaf- and Bud-Galling Sawflies2014In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 9, no 12, p. 1-19, article id e116286Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Genetic divergence and speciation in plant-feeding insects could be driven by contrasting selection pressures imposed by different plant species and taxa. While numerous examples of host-associated differentiation (HAD) have been found, the overall importance of HAD in insect diversification remains unclear, as few studies have investigated its frequency in relation to all speciation events. One promising way to infer the prevalence and repeatability of HAD is to estimate genetic differentiation in multiple insect taxa that use the same set of hosts. To this end, we measured and compared variation in mitochondrial COI and nuclear ITS2 sequences in population samples of leaf-galling Pontania and bud-galling Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) collected from six Salix species in two replicate locations in northern Fennoscandia. We found evidence of frequent HAD in both species complexes, as individuals from the same willow species tended to cluster together on both mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenetic trees. Although few fixed differences among the putative species were found, hierarchical AMOVAs showed that most of the genetic variation in the samples was explained by host species rather than by sampling location. Nevertheless, the levels of HAD measured across specific pairs of host species were not correlated in the two focal galler groups. Hence, our results support the hypothesis of HAD as a central force in herbivore speciation, but also indicate that evolutionary trajectories are only weakly repeatable even in temporally overlapping radiations of related insect taxa.

  • 30. Lind, Tomas
    et al.
    Ekebom, Agneta
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental research and monitoring.
    Alm Kübler, Kerstin
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental research and monitoring.
    Östensson, Pia
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental research and monitoring.
    Bellander, Tom
    Lõhmus, Mare
    Pollen Season Trends (1973-2013) in Stockholm Area, Sweden2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 11, p. 1-12Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 31.
    Mikkelsen, Lonnie
    et al.
    Aarhus University, Denmark.
    Rigét, Frank F
    Kyhn, Line A
    Sveegaard, Signe
    Dietz, Rune
    Tougaard, Jakob
    Carlström, Julia A K
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental research and monitoring.
    Carlén, Ida
    Koblitz, Jens C
    Teilmann, Jonas
    Comparing Distribution of Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) Derived from Satellite Telemetry and Passive Acoustic Monitoring.2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 7Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cetacean monitoring is essential in determining the status of a population. Different monitoring methods should reflect the real trends in abundance and patterns in distribution, and results should therefore ideally be independent of the selected method. Here, we compare two independent methods of describing harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) relative distribution pattern in the western Baltic Sea. Satellite locations from 13 tagged harbour porpoises were used to build a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model of suitable habitats. The data set was subsampled to one location every second day, which were sufficient to make reliable models over the summer (Jun-Aug) and autumn (Sep-Nov) seasons. The modelled results were compared to harbour porpoise acoustic activity obtained from 36 static acoustic monitoring stations (C-PODs) covering the same area. The C-POD data was expressed as the percentage of porpoise positive days/hours (the number of days/hours per day with porpoise detections) by season. The MaxEnt model and C-POD data showed a significant linear relationship with a strong decline in porpoise occurrence from west to east. This study shows that two very different methods provide comparable information on relative distribution patterns of harbour porpoises even in a low density area.

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  • 32.
    Müller, Ingo A.
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics.
    Thörn, Filip
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics.
    Rajan, Samyuktha
    Ericson, Per G. P.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics.
    Dumbacher, John P.
    Maiah, Gibson
    Blom, Mozes P. K.
    Jønsson, Knud A.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics.
    Irestedt, Martin
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics.
    Species-specific dynamics may cause deviations from general biogeographical predictions – evidence from a population genomics study of a New Guinean endemic passerine bird family (Melampittidae)2024In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 19, no 5, p. e0293715-e0293715Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The family Melampittidae is endemic to New Guinea and consists of two monotypic genera: Melampitta lugubris (Lesser Melampitta) and Megalampitta gigantea (Greater Melampitta). Both Melampitta species have scattered and disconnected distributions across New Guinea in the central mountain range and in some of the outlying ranges. While M. lugubris is common and found in most montane regions of the island, M. gigantaea is elusive and known from only six localities in isolated pockets on New Guinea with very specific habitats of limestone and sinkholes. In this project, we apply museomics to determine the population structure and demographic history of these two species. We re-sequenced the genomes of all seven known M. gigantaea samples housed in museum collections as well as 24 M. lugubris samples from across its distribution. By comparing population structure between the two species, we investigate to what extent habitat dependence, such as in M. gigantaea, may affect population connectivity. Phylogenetic and population genomic analyses, as well as acoustic variation revealed that M. gigantaea consists of a single population in contrast to M. lugubris that shows much stronger population structure across the island. We suggest a recent collapse of M. gigantaea into its fragmented habitats as an explanation to its unexpected low diversity and lack of population structure. The deep genetic divergences between the M. lugubris populations on the Vogelkop region, in the western central range and the eastern central range, respectively, suggests that these three populations should be elevated to full species level. This work sheds new light on the mechanisms that have shaped the intriguing distribution of the two species within this family and is a prime example of the importance of museum collections for genomic studies of poorly known and rare species.

  • 33.
    Neimanis, Aleksija
    et al.
    Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Moraeus, Charlotta
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental research and monitoring.
    Bergman, Anders
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental research and monitoring.
    Bignert, Anders
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental research and monitoring.
    Höglund, Johan
    Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden .
    Lundström, Karl
    Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lysekil, Sweden.
    Strömberg, Annika
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental research and monitoring.
    Bäcklin, Britt-Marie
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental research and monitoring.
    Emergence of the Zoonotic Biliary Trematode Pseudamphistomum truncatum in Grey Seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the Baltic Sea2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 10, p. e0164782-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The biliary trematode Pseudamphistomum truncatum parasitizes a wide range of fish-eating mammals, including humans. Here we report the emergence of this parasite in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the Baltic Sea. One hundred eighty-three of 1 554 grey seals (11.9%) examined from 2002–2013 had detectable hepatobiliary trematode infection. Parasite identification was confirmed as P. truncatum by sequencing the ITS2 region of a pool of five to 10 trematodes from each of ten seals collected off the coast of seven different Swedish counties. The proportion of seals parasitized by P. truncatum increased significantly over time and with increasing age of seals. Males were 3.1 times more likely to be parasitized than females and animals killed in fishery interactions were less likely to be parasitized than animals found dead or hunted. There was no significant difference in parasitism of seals examined from the Gulf of Bothnia versus those examined from the Baltic Proper. Although the majority of infections were mild, P. truncatum can cause severe hepatobiliary disease and resulted in liver failure in at least one seal. Because cyprinid fish are the second intermediate host for opisthorchiid trematodes, diets of grey seals from the Baltic Sea were analysed regarding presence of cyprinids. The proportion of gastrointestinal tracts containing cyprinid remains was ten times higher in seals examined from 2008 to 2013 (12.2%) than those examined from 2002 to 2007 (1.2%) and coincided with a general increase of trematode parasitism in the host population. The emergence and relatively common occurrence of P. truncatum in grey seals signals the presence of this parasite in the Baltic Sea ecosystem and demonstrates how aquatic mammals can serve as excellent sentinels of marine ecosystem change. Investigation of drivers behind P. truncatum emergence and infection risk for other mammals, including humans, is highly warranted.

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  • 34. Niemi, Marianna
    et al.
    Bläuer, Auli
    Iso-Touru, Terhi
    Harjula, Janne
    Nyström Edmark, Veronica
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics.
    Rannamäe, Eve
    Lõugas, Lembi
    Sajantila, Antti
    Lidén, Kerstin
    Taavitsainen, Jussi-Pekka
    Temporal Fluctuation in North East Baltic Sea Region Cattle Population Revealed by Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal DNA Analyses2015In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 10, no 5, article id e0123821Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 35.
    Peng, Jungang
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing.
    Slater, Sam M
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    McLoughlin, Stephen
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Vajda, Vivi
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity2023In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 18, no 6, article id e0282247Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The enigmatic acid-resistant mesofossil genus Kuqaia isemended, anew species (Kuqaia scanicus) isinstituted, and three established species are described from the Lower Jurassic (lower Pliensbachian) ofthe Ka ̈ vlinge BH-928 core, insouthern Sweden. Kuqaia has adistribution across the middle northern latitudes ofPangaea and isrestricted toLower tolower Middle Jurassic strata. Morphological characters support Kuqaia being the ephippia (resting egg/embryo cases) ofCladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda), and aprobable early stemgroup taxon ofthe Daphnia lineage. The paleoecology ofthe small planktonic crustaceans indicate purely fresh-water environments, such as lakes orponds, all occurrences being in continental deposits, and the Kuqaia specimens possibly represent dry-season resting eggs. Chemical analyses ofthese and similar fossils, and ofextant invertebrate eggs and egg cases are recommended toimprove resolution ofthe biological affiliations ofsuch mesofossil groups.

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    Peng et al_2023_New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible
  • 36.
    Prieto, Maria
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany.
    Wedin, Mats
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany.
    Dating the diversification of the major lineages of Ascomycota (Fungi)2013In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 8, no 6Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 37.
    Ronquist, Fredrik
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics.
    Forshage, Mattias
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Häggqvist, Sibylle
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Karlsson, Dave
    Hovmöller, Rasmus
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Bergsten, Johannes
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Holston, Kevin
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics.
    Britton, Tom
    Abenius, Johan
    Andersson, Bengt
    Buhl, Peter Neerup
    Coulianos, Carl-Cedric
    Fjellberg, Arne
    Gertsson, Carl-Axel
    Hellqvist, Sven
    Jaschhof, Mathias
    Kjaerandsen, Jostein
    Klopfstein, Seraina
    Kobro, Sverre
    Liston, Andrew
    Meier, Rudolf
    Pollet, Marc
    Riedel, Matthias
    Roháček, Jindřich
    Schuppenhauer, Meike
    Stigenberg, Julia
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Struwe, Ingemar
    Taeger, Andreas
    Ulefors, Sven-Olov
    Varga, Oleksandr
    Withers, Phil
    Gärdenfors, Ulf
    Completing Linnaeus’s inventory of the Swedish insect fauna: only 5,000 species left?2020In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 15, no 3, article id e0228561Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Despite more than 250 years of taxonomic research, we still have only a vague idea about the true size and composition of the faunas and floras of the planet. Many biodiversity inventories provide limited insight because they focus on a small taxonomic subsample or a tiny geographic area. Here, we report on the size and composition of the Swedish insect fauna, thought to represent roughly half of the diversity of multicellular life in one of the largest European countries. Our results are based on more than a decade of data from the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative and its massive inventory of the country’s insect fauna, the Swedish Malaise Trap Project The fauna is considered one of the best known in the world, but the initiative has nevertheless revealed a surprising amount of hidden diversity: more than 3,000 new species (301 new to science) have been documented so far. Here, we use three independent methods to analyze the true size and composition of the fauna at the family or subfamily level: (1) assessments by experts who have been working on the most poorly known groups in the fauna; (2) estimates based on the proportion of new species discovered in the Malaise trap inventory; and (3) extrapolations based on species abundance and incidence data from the inventory. For the last method, we develop a new estimator, the combined non-parametric estimator, which we show is less sensitive to poor coverage of the species pool than other popular estimators. The three methods converge on similar estimates of the size and composition of the fauna, suggesting that it comprises around 33,000 species. Of those, 8,600 (26%) were unknown at the start of the inventory and 5,000 (15%) still await discovery. We analyze the taxonomic and ecological composition of the estimated fauna, and show that most of the new species belong to Hymenoptera and Diptera groups that are decomposers or parasitoids. Thus, current knowledge of the Swedish insect fauna is strongly biased taxonomically and ecologically, and we show that similar but even stronger biases have distorted our understanding of the fauna in the past. We analyze latitudinal gradients in the size and composition of known European insect faunas and show that several of the patterns contradict the Swedish data, presumably due to similar knowledge biases. Addressing these biases is critical in understanding insect biomes and the ecosystem services they provide. Our results emphasize the need to broaden the taxonomic scope of current insect monitoring efforts, a task that is all the more urgent as recent studies indicate a possible worldwide decline in insect faunas.

  • 38.
    Ronquist, Fredrik
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics.
    Nieves-Aldrey, José-Luis
    Buffington, Matthew L
    Liu, Zhiwei
    Liljeblad, Johan
    Nylander, Johan A A
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics. BILS.
    Phylogeny, evolution and classification of gall wasps: the plot thickens.2015In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 10, no 5Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Gall wasps (Cynipidae) represent the most spectacular radiation of gall-inducing insects. In addition to true gall formers, gall wasps also include phytophagous inquilines, which live inside the galls induced by gall wasps or other insects. Here we present the first comprehensive molecular and total-evidence analyses of higher-level gall wasp relationships. We studied more than 100 taxa representing a rich selection of outgroups and the majority of described cynipid genera outside the diverse oak gall wasps (Cynipini), which were more sparsely sampled. About 5 kb of nucleotide data from one mitochondrial (COI) and four nuclear (28S, LWRh, EF1alpha F1, and EF1alpha F2) markers were analyzed separately and in combination with morphological and life-history data. According to previous morphology-based studies, gall wasps evolved in the Northern Hemisphere and were initially herb gallers. Inquilines originated once from gall inducers that lost the ability to initiate galls. Our results, albeit not conclusive, suggest a different scenario. The first gall wasps were more likely associated with woody host plants, and there must have been multiple origins of gall inducers, inquilines or both. One possibility is that gall inducers arose independently from inquilines in several lineages. Except for these surprising results, our analyses are largely consistent with previous studies. They confirm that gall wasps are conservative in their host-plant preferences, and that herb-galling lineages have radiated repeatedly onto the same set of unrelated host plants. We propose a revised classification of the family into twelve tribes, which are strongly supported as monophyletic across independent datasets. Four are new: Aulacideini, Phanacidini, Diastrophini and Ceroptresini. We present a key to the tribes and discuss their morphological and biological diversity. Until the relationships among the tribes are resolved, the origin and early evolution of gall wasps will remain elusive.

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  • 39.
    Roos, Anna
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental research and monitoring.
    Ågren, Erik
    Statens Veterinärmedicinska Anstalt.
    High Prevalence of Proposed Müllerian Duct RemnantCysts on the Spermatic Duct in Wild Eurasian Otters (Lutra lutra) from Sweden2013In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 8, no 12, p. 1-5Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The spermatic ducts (vasa deferentia) of 235 otters (Lutra lutra) found dead between 1999 and 2012 in Sweden were examined for presence of paraductular cysts. Single or multiple elongated uni- or bilateral cysts parallel to the spermatic duct were noted in 72% of the examined males. The cysts were adjacent to, but did not communicate with the lumen of the spermatic duct, and were usually located within a few centimeters of the testis and epididymis. The cysts are proposed to be congenital Müllerian duct remnants. Other morphologic abnormalities in the reproductive organs were not noted within this study. Possible causes of the incomplete regression of the embryonic female gonadal duct are exposure to environmental contaminants such as elevated concentrations of estrogen-like compounds (endocrine disrupting chemicals), inbreeding, or a naturally occurring anatomic defect. No obvious geographical pattern was observed for otters with or without cysts. This is the first study and description of cysts on the spermatic duct in otters.

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  • 40.
    Räikkönen, Jannikke
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Contaminant Research, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Vucetich, John A.
    School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA.
    Vucetich, Leah M.
    School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA.
    Peterson, Rolf O.
    School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA.
    Nelson, Michael P.
    Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
    What the Inbred Scandinavian Wolf Population Tells Us about the Nature of Conservation2013In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 8, no 6Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 41.
    Réblová, Martina
    et al.
    Department of Taxonomy, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 43, Pruhonice, Czech Republic.
    Hubka, Vit
    Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benatska 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
    Thureborn, Olle
    Institutionen för ekologi miljö och botanik, Stockholms Universitet.
    Lundberg, Johannes
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany.
    Sallstedt, Therese
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology. Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE).
    Wedin, Mats
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany.
    Ivarsson, Magnus
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology. Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE).
    From the tunnels into the treetops: new lineages of black yeasts from biofilm in the Stockholm metro system and their relatives among ant-associated fungi in the Chaetothyriales2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 10, p. e0163396-, article id e0163396Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Rock-inhabiting fungi harbour species-rich, poorly differentiated, extremophilic taxa of polyphyletic origin. Their closest relatives are often well-known species from various biotopes with significant pathogenic potential. Speleothems represent a unique rock-dwelling habitat, whose mycobiota are largely unexplored. Isolation of fungi from speleothem biofilm covering bare granite walls in the Kungsträdgården metro station in Stockholm yielded axenic cultures of two distinct black yeast morphotypes. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from six nuclear loci, ITS, nuc18S and nuc28S rDNA, rpb1, rpb2 and β-tubulin, support their placement in the Chaetothyriales (Ascomycota). They are described as a new genus Bacillicladium with the type species Blobatum, and a new species Bradymyces graniticolaBacillicladium is distantly related to the known five chaetothyrialean families and is unique in the Chaetothyriales by variable morphology showing hyphal, meristematic and yeast-like growth in vitro. The nearest relatives of Bacillicladium are recruited among fungi isolated from cardboard-like construction material produced by arboricolous non-attine ants. Their sister relationship is weakly supported by the Maximum likelihood analysis, but strongly supported by Bayesian inference. The genus Bradymyces is placed amidst members of the Trichomeriaceae and is ecologically undefined; it includes an opportunistic animal pathogen while two other species inhabit rock surfaces. ITS rDNA sequences of three species accepted in Bradymyces and other undescribed species and environmental samples were subjected to phylogenetic analysis and in-depth comparative analysis of ITS1 and ITS2 secondary structures in order to study their intraspecific variability. Compensatory base change criterion in the ITS2 secondary structure supported delimitation of species in Bradymyces, which manifest a limited number of phenotypic features useful for species recognition. The role of fungi in the speleothem biofilm and relationships of Bacillicladium and Bradymyces with other members of the Chaetothyriales are discussed.

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  • 42.
    Sandoval-Castellanos, Edson
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics.
    Palkopoulou, Eleftheria
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics.
    Dalen, Love
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics.
    Back to BaySICS: A User-Friendly Program for Bayesian Statistical Inference from Coalescent Simulations2014In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 9, no 5Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Inference of population demographic history has vastly improved in recent years due to a number of technological and theoretical advances including the use of ancient DNA. Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) stands among the most promising methods due to its simple theoretical fundament and exceptional flexibility. However, limited availability of user-friendly programs that perform ABC analysis renders it difficult to implement, and hence programming skills are frequently required. In addition, there is limited availability of programs able to deal with heterochronous data. Here we present the software BaySICS: Bayesian Statistical Inference of Coalescent Simulations. BaySICS provides an integrated and user-friendly platform that performs ABC analyses by means of coalescent simulations from DNA sequence data. It estimates historical demographic population parameters and performs hypothesis testing by means of Bayes factors obtained from model comparisons. Although providing specific features that improve inference from datasets with heterochronous data, BaySICS also has several capabilities making it a suitable tool for analysing contemporary genetic datasets. Those capabilities include joint analysis of independent tables, a graphical interface and the implementation of Markov-chain Monte Carlo without likelihoods.

  • 43.
    Santos, Artai A.
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Wappler, Torsten
    Natural History Department, Hessian State Museum, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universita¨ t Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
    McLoughlin, Stephen
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology.
    Earliest evidence of granivory from China (Shanxi Formation) points to seeds as a food source and nursing habitat for insects in the earliest Permian humid tropical forests of Cathaysia2024In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 19, no 10, p. e0311737-e0311737, article id e0311737Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Three types of plant-insect interactions are identified on seeds from the lower Permian (Asselian) Shanxi and lower Shihhotse formations of the Taiyuan district, North China. This enhances the relatively meagre fossil record of seed predation in global late Paleozoic floras, adding the earliest record of granivory from Cathaysia. The dispersed seeds cannot be attributed with confidence to any particular plant group, but associated fossil leaves belong to a broad spectrum of plants, including Medullosales, Cycadales, Noeggerathiales, Gigantopteridales, Cordaitales, and Voltziales. Among 85 analysed seeds, six showed evidence of predation, referable to three damage types: DT074 and two new damage types that will be added to the forthcoming version of the fossil damage guide (DT274, DT430). These damage features indicate novel strategies of seed exploitation in the earliest Permian of China. The causal agents of the seed herbivory are difficult to resolve with certainty, but possible culprits include representatives of Palaeodictyopteroidea, although we cannot exclude other groups, such as Dictyoptera, Odonatoptera, Archaeorthoptera, Hemipteroidea or early holometabolan insects. The presence of damage features, together with a range of probable defensive structures (hairs, spines, apical horns, and thick integuments), suggests that an active arms race involving insects and plant reproductive structures was already well established by the early Permian

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  • 44.
    Santos de Lucena, Carlos A.
    et al.
    Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul.
    Kullander, Sven
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology. FishBase.
    Norén, Michael
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology. FishBase.
    Calegari, Bárbara
    Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul.
    Conjectures and refutations: Species diversity and phylogeny of Australoheros from coastal rivers of southern South America (Teleostei: Cichlidae)2022In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 17, no 12, p. e0261027-e0261027Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Morphological and genetic analyses of species of Australoheros focusing on those distributed in coastal rivers from the Rio de La Plata north to the Rio Buranhém, support recognition of 17 valid species in the genus. Eight species are represented in coastal rivers: A. acaroides, A. facetus, A. ipatinguensis, A. oblongus, A. ribeirae, and A. sanguineus are validated from earlier descriptions. Australoheros mboapari is a new species from the Rio Taquari in the Rio Jacuí drainage. Australoheros ricani is a new species from the upper Rio Jacuí. Specimens from the Rio Yaguarón and Rio Tacuary, affluents of Laguna Merín, and tributaries of the Rio Negro, tributary of the Rio Uruguay are assigned to A. minuano pending critical data on specimens from the type locality of A. minuano. Australoheros taura is ajunior synonym of A. acaroides. Australoheros autrani, A. saquarema, A. capixaba, A.macaensis, A. perdi, and A. muriae are junior synonyms of A. ipatinguensis. Heros autochthon, A. mattosi, A. macacuensis, A. montanus, A. tavaresi, A. paraibae, and A. barbosae,are junior synonyms of A. oblongus. Heros jenynsii is a junior synonym of A. facetus.

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  • 45. Sautya, Sabyasachi
    et al.
    Ingole, Baban
    Ray, Durbar
    Stöhr, Sabine
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Samudrala, Kiranmai
    Raju, K. A. Kamesh
    Mudholkar, Abhay
    Megafaunal Community Structure of Andaman Seamounts Including the Back-Arc Basin – A Quantitative Exploration from the Indian Ocean2011In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 6, no 1, p. e16162-e16162Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 46. Sites, Robert W.
    et al.
    Bergsten, Johannes
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    The Naucoridae (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha) of Madagascar, with revisions of Temnocoris and Tsingala (Laccocorinae)2022In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 17, no 9, p. e0272965-e0272965Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The island nation of Madagascar was surveyed extensively through a series of expeditions to determine the fauna of Naucoridae. Previously, 17 species in four genera had been reported from the country. All taxa previously recorded from Madagascar were re-collected, with the exception of three species, Macrocoris flavicollis Signoret, Temnocoris starmuhlneri Poisson, and Tsingala nossibeanus (Bergroth). Macrocoris flavicollis is removed from the list of species occurring in Madagascar. Within Laccocorini (Laccocorinae), a new genus, Gonioathrix n.gen. is described; Temnocoris and Tsingala are revised; three new species are described in Temnocoris (T. leachi n.sp., T. montandoni n.sp., T. poissoni n.sp.) and four in Tsingala (T. angulata n.sp., T. latiforma n.sp., T. spatulata n.sp., T. trilobata n.sp.). Lectotypes are designated for Afronaucoris madagascariensis (Montandon), Tsingala humeralis (Signoret), and T. naucoroides (Montandon). In Macrocorinae, a new species of Macrocoris, M. namorona n.sp., from Ranomafana National Park is described. These taxonomic actions bring the total for the country to five genera and 25 species. Distributions, habitat associations, and a key to the species are presented.

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  • 47.
    Stöhr, Sabine
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    Martynov, Alexander V.
    Paedomorphosis as an evolutionary driving force: insights from deep-sea brittle stars2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, p. 1-24, article id e0164562Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 48.
    Stöhr, Sabine
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology.
    O'Hara, Timothy D.
    Thuy, Ben
    Global Diversity of Brittle Stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)2012In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 7, no 3, p. e31940-e31940Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 49.
    Tassia, Michael
    et al.
    Auburn University.
    Cannon, Johanna
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology. Auburn University.
    Konikoff, Charlotte
    University of Washington.
    Shenkar, Noa
    University of Washington.
    Halanych, Kenneth
    Auburn University.
    Swalla, Billie
    The Global Diversity of Hemichordata2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 10, article id e0162564Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Phylum Hemichordata, composed of worm-like Enteropneusta and colonial Pterobranchia, has been reported to only contain about 100 species. However, recent studies of hemichordate phylogeny and taxonomy suggest the species number has been largely underestimated. One issue is that species must be described by experts, and historically few taxonomists have studied this group of marine invertebrates. Despite this previous lack of coverage, interest in hemichordates has piqued in the past couple of decades, as they are critical to understanding the evolution of chordates–as acorn worms likely resemble the deuterostome ancestor more closely than any other extant animal. This review provides an overview of our current knowledge of hemichordates, focusing specifically on their global biodiversity, geographic distribution, and taxonomy. Using information available in the World Register of Marine Species and published literature, we assembled a list of 130 described, extant species. The majority (83%) of these species are enteropneusts, and more taxonomic descriptions are forthcoming. Ptychoderidae contained the greatest number of species (41 species), closely followed by Harrimaniidae (40 species), of the recognized hemichordate families. Hemichordates are found throughout the world’s oceans, with the highest reported numbers by regions with marine labs and diligent taxonomic efforts (e.g. North Pacific and North Atlantic). Pterobranchs are abundant in Antarctica, but have also been found at lower latitudes. We consider this a baseline report and expect new species of Hemichordata will continue to be discovered and described as new marine habitats are characterized and explored.

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  • 50. Thureborn, Olle
    et al.
    Wikström, Niklas
    Razafimandimbison, Sylvain
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany.
    Rydin, Catarina
    Plastid phylogenomics and cytonuclear discordance in Rubioideae, Rubiaceae2024In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 19, no 5Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study of evolutionary relationships in the subfamily Rubioideae (Rubiaceae), we takeadvantage of the off-target proportion of reads generated via previous target capturesequencing projects based on nuclear genomic data to build a plastome phylogeny andinvestigate cytonuclear discordance. The assembly of off-target reads resulted in a comprehensive plastome dataset and robust inference of phylogenetic relationships, where mostintratribal and intertribal relationships are resolved with strong support. While the phylogenetic results were mostly in agreement with previous studies based on plastome data, novelrelationships in the plastid perspective were also detected. For example, our analyses ofplastome data provide strong support for the SCOUT clade and its sister relationship to theremaining members of the subfamily, which differs from previous results based on plastiddata but agrees with recent results based on nuclear genomic data. However, severalinstances of highly supported cytonuclear discordance were identified across the Rubioideae phylogeny. Coalescent simulation analysis indicates that while ILS could, by itself,explain the majority of the discordant relationships, plastome introgression may be the better explanation in some cases. Our study further indicates that plastomes across the Rubioideae are, with few exceptions, highly conserved and mainly conform to the structure, genecontent, and gene order present in the majority of the flowering plants.

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