The fossil record of the cephalopod genus Nautilus has been obscured because a few influential taxonomists during the 20th Century decided that fossils similar to Nautilus were instead other genera. We now recognize fossils once classified as species of other genera as species of Nautilus. This includes fossils from Miocene rocks of Taiwan that were previously described as Kummelonautilus taiwanum but herein recognized instead as being the northernmost Neogene record of Nautilus in the Indo-Pacific region. The name is corrected to Nautilus taiwanus, and now known to occur in two formations in central Taiwan, the early Miocene Shihmentsun and early to middle Miocene Houdongkeng formations. Miocene fossils from Indonesia that were placed in other genera are now considered to represent Nautilus as they were originally assigned, in addition to several Miocene species from Australia, which provide the southernmost Neogene fossil record for the genus. Some of these Indo-Pacific fossils may represent the same species, but more specimens are needed to determine the amount of variability within these Neogene taxa.

Nautilus and Allonautilus, last members of the once widespread nautiloid cephalopods, are today restricted to the deep central Indo-West Pacific Ocean, for reasons that remain unclear. Cephalopod evolution is generally considered as being driven by vertebrate predation; therefore, we investigated the role of whales and seals in the decline of nautiloids through the Cenozoic.