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  • 1. Biel, Christina
    et al.
    Subias, Ignacio
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Acevedo, Rogelio
    Multi-isotope approach for the identification of metal and fluid sources of the Arroyo Rojo VMS deposit, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina2016In: Ore Geology Reviews, ISSN 0169-1368, E-ISSN 1872-7360Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 2.
    Billström, K
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Evins, P
    Martinsson, O
    Jeon, Heejin
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Weihed, P
    Conflicting zircon vs. titanite U-Pb age systematics and the deposition of the host volcanic sequence to Kiruna-type and IOCG deposits in northern Sweden, Fennoscandian shield2018In: Precambrian ResearchArticle in journal (Refereed)
  • 3.
    Billström, Kjell
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Broman, Curt
    Larsson, Alfred
    Schersten, Anders
    Schmitt, Melanie
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn deposits along the margin of the Scandinavian Caledonides and their possible relationship with nearby Pb-Zn vein mineralisation2020In: Ore Geology Reviews, ISSN 0169-1368, E-ISSN 1872-7360Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Numerous sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn deposits occur along the present-day erosional front of the eastern Scandinavian Caledonides. The largest deposit is Laisvall (64.3 Mt at 4.0% Pb, 0.6% Zn and 9.0g/t Ag) and since mineralisations generally share similar characteristics (reminding of both SEDEX and MVT-style) the term Laisvall-type has often been used. Typically, mineralised zones occur along sedimentary bedding and consist of disseminated galena and sphalerite and lesser amounts of calcite, fluorite, baryte, pyrite and sericite forming a cement that fill interstitial pores in Neoproterozoic/Eocambrian (e.g. Laisvall) to Cambrian (e.g. Vassbo) sandstones.

    Deposits occur both in autochtonous and allochtonous sedimentary rocks, and a broad consensus exists about their epigenetic nature, their spatial relationships to syn-sedimentary faults and that ore fluids have scavenged metals from the crystalline basement. However, the detailed ore depositional history and the timing of ore deposition have remained more controversial. New analyses aimed to complement earlier Rb-Sr data (crush-leach technique using sphalerite) fail to support a published three-point isochron age of 467±5 Ma. This is probably due to syn-ore mixing between fluids carrying isotopically variable strontium and inherited problems to analyse sphalerite grains that strictly were deposited from a single ore pulse. Tentatively, strontium in the ores originate from a mix of components derived from the basement, seawater and the local sedimentary host sequences. The lead component has highly radiogenic compositions, and data define sub-parallel linear arrays interpreted to essentially represent mixing of isotopically different types of lead released from regional basement rocks.

    There are obvious similarities when comparing features of deposits representing two Pb-Zn ore styles, the sandstone-hosted dissemination and the fracture-controlled mineralisation in the granite-dominated basement occurring further east of the Caledonian margin. These include low temperature brines responsible for mineral deposition, the mineralogy and the nature of Rb-Sr and Pb isotope data. We suggest that these types of mineralisation have a common origin and time of emplacement, but it is elusive to propose a well-constrained age. Nonetheless, field observations and other evidence suggest that ore formation is due to large-scale fluid flow triggered by the transition from an extensional to compressional tectonic setting at about 500 Ma. Connected to this mid-Cambrian stage was the development of syn-sedimentary faults and fractures in the basement and in overlying consolidated sandstones. 

  • 4.
    Billström, Kjell
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology. Department of Geological Sciences, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Söderhielm, Johan
    Geological Survey of Sweden, Malå Office, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Broman, Curt
    Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Sundblad, Krister
    Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia.
    Solstad, a Co-Se-bearing copper ore in the Västervik quartzites, Sweden2022In: GFF, ISSN 1103-5897, E-ISSN 2000-0863, p. 1-14Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 5. Björlykke, Arne
    et al.
    Bingen, Bernard
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Kooijman, Ellen
    The sandstone-hosted Osen lead deposit, Norway: new Pb isotope evidence for sourcing in the underlying granitoid basement2019In: Norwegian Journal of GeologyArticle in journal (Refereed)
  • 6. Blichert-Toft, Janne
    et al.
    Delile, Hugo
    Lee, Cin-Ty
    Stos-Gale, Zofia
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Andersen, Tom
    Huhma, Hannu
    Albaréde, Francis
    Large-scale tectonic cycles in Europe revealed by distinct Pb isotope provinces2016In: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, E-ISSN 1525-2027Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 7.
    Claesson, Stefan
    et al.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Bibikova, Elena V.
    Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, R.A.S., Moscow, Russia.
    Shumlyanskyy, Leonid
    M.P Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation, Palladina Ave. 34, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine.
    Whitehouse, Martin J.
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Can oxygen isotopes in magmatic zircon be modified by metamorphism? A case study from the Eoarchean Dniester-Bug Series, Ukrainian Shield2016In: Precambrian Research, ISSN 0301-9268, E-ISSN 1872-7433, Vol. 273, p. 1-11Article in journal (Refereed)
    Download full text (pdf)
    Claesson O Odesa PRECAM text and figures accepted 151108
  • 8.
    Dekov, Vesselin
    et al.
    University of Sofia.
    Boycheva, Tanya
    University of Sofia.
    Hålenius, Ulf
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Kamenov, George D.
    University of Florida.
    Shanks, Wayne C.
    U.S. Geological Survey, Denver.
    Stummeyer, Jens
    Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften, Hannover.
    Mineralogical and geochemical evidence for recent hydrothermal activity at the west wall of 12°50´N core complex (Mid-Atlantic Ridge): a new ultramafic-hosted seafloor hydrothermal deposit?2011In: Marine Geology, ISSN 0025-3227, E-ISSN 1872-6151, Vol. 288, p. 90-102Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 9.
    Dekov, Vesselin
    et al.
    University of Sofia.
    Boycheva, Tanya
    University of Sofia.
    Hålenius, Ulf
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Petersen, Sven
    Leibiz-Institut für Meeresforschung, IFM-GEOMAR.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Stummeyer, Jens
    Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover.
    Kamenov, George
    University of Florida.
    Shanks, Wayne
    U.S. Geological Survey, Denver.
    Atacamite and paratacamite from the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev seafloor vent field (14°45´ N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge)2011In: Chemical Geology, ISSN 0009-2541, E-ISSN 1872-6836, Vol. 286, p. 169-184Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 10. Dekov, Vesselin
    et al.
    Darakchieva, K
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Garbe-Schönberg, C-D
    Kamenov, G
    Gallinari, M
    Dimitrov, L
    Ragueau, O
    Kooijman, E
    Element enrichment and provenance of the detrital component in Holocene sediments from the western Black Sea2019In: OceanologiaArticle in journal (Refereed)
  • 11.
    Dekov, Vesselin M.
    et al.
    University of Sofia.
    Hålenius, Ulf
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Kamenov, George D.
    University of Florida.
    Munnik, Frans
    Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf.
    Eriksson, Lars
    Stockholms universitet.
    Dyer, Alan
    University of Salford.
    Schmidt, Mark
    Leibniz-Institut für Meeresforschung, IFM-GEOMAR.
    Botz, Reiner
    Universität Kiel.
    Native Sn-Pb droplets in a zeolitic amygdale (Isle of Mull, Inner Hebrides)2009In: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, ISSN 0016-7037, E-ISSN 1872-9533, Vol. 73, p. 2907-2919Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 12. Dekov, Vesselin
    et al.
    Vanlierde, E.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Garbe-Schönberg, C-D.
    Weiss, D.J.
    Gatto Rotondo, G.
    Van Mee, K.
    Kuzmann, E.
    Fortin, D.
    Darchuk, L.
    Van Grieken, R.
    Ferrihydrite precipitation in goundwater-fed river systems (Nete and Demer river basins, Belgium): Insights from a combined Fe-Zn-Sr-Nd-Pb-isotope study.2014In: Chemical Geology, ISSN 0009-2541, E-ISSN 1872-6836, Vol. 386, p. 1-15Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Two groundwater-fed river systems (Nete and Demer, Belgium) carry red suspended material that settles on the river bed forming red sediments. The local aquifer that feeds these river systems is a glauconite-rich sand, which provides most of the dissolved Fe to the rivers. The solid component of these systems, i.e., the red suspended material and sediments, has a simple mineralogy (predominantly ferrihydrite), but shows a complex geochemistry pointing out the different processes contributing to the river chemistry: (1) the red sediments have higher transition metal (excluding Cu) and detrital element (e.g., Si, Al, K, Rb, etc.) concentrations than the red suspended matter because of their longer residence time in the river and higher contribution of the background (aquifer) component, respectively; (2) the red suspended material and sediments have inherited their rare earth element (REE) patterns from the aquifer; (3) the origin of Sr present in the red suspended matter and red sediments is predominantly marine (i.e., Quaternary calcareous rocks), but a small amount is geogenic (i.e., from detrital rocks); (4) Pb in both solids originates mostly from anthropogenic and geogenic sources; (5) all of the anthropogenic Pb in the red suspended material and sediments is hosted by the ferrihydrite; (6) Nd budget of the red riverine samples is controlled by the geogenic source and shows little anthropogenic component; (7) the signi- ficant Fe- and Zn-isotope fractionations are in line with the previous studies. Their fractionation patterns do not correlate, suggesting that the processes controlling the isotope geochemistry of Fe and Zn are different: oxidation/reduction most likely governs the Fe-isotope fractionation, whereas adsorption/desorption or admixing of anthropogenic sources controls the isotope fractionation of Zn.

  • 13. Guitreau, Martin
    et al.
    Blichert-Toft, J.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Hafnium isotope evidence for early-Proterozoic volcanic arc reworking in the Skellefte district (northern Sweden) and implications for the Svecofennian orogeny2014In: Precambrian Research, ISSN 0301-9268, E-ISSN 1872-7433, Vol. 252, p. 39-52Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Skellefte district is a seemingly juvenile and heavily mineralized crustal domain in northern Sweden that formed between 1.90 and 1.87 Ga. It is commonly interpreted as a volcanic arc deposited on a basement (known variously as the Bothnian or the Knaften-Barsele group) that could be represented by older rocks (1.96-1.94 Ga) found in the vicinity. In order to understand the potential genetic relationship between the arc and the basement, Hf and Pb isotopes in magmatic zircons from key lithologies were measured by solution multi-collector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It is shown that both geological groups display similar Hf isotope compositions, which translate into decreasing εHf with time. Overall, the data are compatible with reworking of the Knaften-Barsele arc to produce the Skellefte rocks over a short time interval from 1.90 to 1.87 Ga in a context of crustal extension with ongoing subduction. When the data presented here are integrated with general models of tectonic evolution of the Svecofennian orogen, they fit a scenario in which the juvenile Knaften-Barsele arc formed between 1.96 and 1.94 Ga and became accreted onto the Karelian continent located further north at about 1.92-1.91 Ga. Systematic north to south variations in Pb, Nd, and Hf isotope compositions throughout the Svecofennides, interpreted as resulting from an increase in Archean crust involvement towards the south, indicate a genetic link between the Proterozoic crustal domains of Sweden and Finland.

  • 14. Jansson, Nils
    et al.
    Sädbom, Stefan
    Allen, Rodney
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Spry, P.G.
    The Lovisa stratiform Zn-Pb deposit, Bergslagen, Sweden: structure, stratigraphy and ore genesis.2018In: Economic geology and the bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, ISSN 0361-0128, E-ISSN 1554-0774, Vol. 113, p. 699-739Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 15. Jansson, Nils
    et al.
    Zetterqvist, Anders
    Allen, Rodney
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Malmström, Lars
    Genesis of the Zinkgruvan stratiform Zn-Pb-Ag deposit and associated dolomite-hosted Cu ore, Bergslagen, Sweden2017In: Ore Geology Reviews, Vol. 82, p. 285-308Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 16.
    Ling, Johan
    et al.
    University of Gothenburg.
    Stos-Gale, Zophia
    Grandin, Lena
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Hjärthner-Holdar, Eva
    Persson, Per-Olof
    Moving metals II: Provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age artefacts by lead isotope and elemental analyses2014In: Journal of Archaeological Science, ISSN 0305-4403, Vol. 41, p. 106-132Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The first part of this research published previously proved without doubt that the metals dated to the Nordic Bronze Age found in Sweden were not smelted from the local copper ores. In this second part we present a detailed interpretation of these analytical data with the aim to identify the ore sources from which these metals originated. The interpretation of lead isotope and chemical data of 71 Swedish Bronze Age metals is based on the direct comparisons between the lead isotope data and geochemistry of ore deposits that are known to have produced copper in the Bronze Age. The presented interpretations of chemical and lead isotope analyses of Swedish metals dated to the Nordic Bronze Age are surprising and bring some information not known from previous work. Apart from a steady supply of copper from the Alpine ores in the North Tyrol, the main sources of copper seem to be ores from the Iberian Peninsula and Sardinia. Thus from the results presented here a new complex picture emerges of possible connectivities and flows in the Bronze Age between Scandinavia and Europe.

  • 17.
    Martinsson, Olof
    et al.
    Luleå Tekniska Universitet.
    Bergman, Stefan
    SGU.
    Persson, Per-Olof
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Schöberg, Hans
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Shumlyanskyy, Leonid
    Stratigraphy and ages of Palaeoproterozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks at Käymäjärvi, northern Sweden2018In: Swedish Geological Survey, Rapporter och meddelanden, Vol. 141, p. 79-106Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 18.
    Martinsson, Olof
    et al.
    Luleå Tekniska Universitet.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Broman, Curt
    Stockholms Universitet.
    Weihed, Pär
    Luleå Tekniska Universitet.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå Tekniska Universitet.
    Metallogeny of the Northern Norrbotten Ore Province, northern Fennoscandian Shield with emphasis on IOCG and apatite-iron ore deposits2016In: Ore Geology Reviews, ISSN 0169-1368, E-ISSN 1872-7360, article id doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.02.011Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Northern Norrbotten Ore Province in northernmost Sweden includes the type localities for Kiruna-type apatite iron deposits and has been the focus for intense exploration and research related to Fe oxide-Cu-Aumineralisation during the last decades. Several different types of Fe-oxide and Cu-Au±Fe oxide mineralisationoccur in the region and include: stratiform Cu±Zn±Pb±Fe oxide type, iron formations (including BIF´s), Kiruna-type apatite iron ore, and epigenetic Cu±Au±Fe oxide type which may be further subdivided into different styles of mineralisation, some of them with typical IOCG (Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold) characteristics. Generally, the formation of Fe oxide±Cu±Au mineralisation is directly or indirectly dated between ~2.1 and 1.75 Ga, thus spanning about 350 m.y. of geological evolution.The current paper will present in more detail the characteristics of certain key deposits, and aims to put the global concepts of Fe-oxide Cu-Au mineralisations into a regional context. The focus will be on iron deposits and various types of deposits containing Fe-oxides and Cu-sulphides in different proportions which generally have some characteristics in common with the IOCG style. In particular, ore fluid characteristics (magmatic versus non-magmatic) and new geochronological data are used to link the ore-forming processes with the overall crustal evolution to generate a metallogenetic model. Rift bounded shallow marine basins developed at ~2.1-2.0 Ga following a long period of extensional tectonics within the Greenstone-dominated, 2.5-2.0 Ga Karelian craton. The ~1.9-1.8 Ga Svecofennian Orogen is characterised by subduction and accretion from the southwest. An initial emplacement of calc-alkaline magmas into ~1.9 Ga continental arcs led to the formation of the Haparanda Suite and the Porphyrite Group volcanic rocks. Following this early stage of magmatic activity, and separated from it by the earliest deformation and metamorphism, more alkali-rich magmas of the Perthite Monzonite Suite and the Kiirunavaara Group volcanic rocks were formed at ~1.88 Ga. Subsequently, partial melting of the middle crust produced large volumes of~1.85 and 1.8 Ga S-type granites in conjunction with subduction related A-/I-type magmatism and associated deformation and metamorphism.

    In our metallogenetic model the ore formation is considered to relate to the geological evolution as follows. Iron formations and a few stratiform sulphide deposits were deposited in relation to exhalative processes in rift bounded marine basins. The iron formations may be sub-divided into BIF- (banded iron formations) and Mg-rich types, and at several locations these types grade into each other. There is no direct age evidence to constrain the deposition of iron formations, but stable isotope data and stratigraphic correlations suggest a formation within the 2.1-2.0 Ga age range. The major Kiruna-type ores formed from an iron-rich  magma (generally with a hydrothermal over-print) and are restricted to areas occupied by volcanic rocks of the Kiirunavaara Group. It is suggested here that 1.89-1.88 Ga tholeiitic magmas underwent magma liquid immiscibility reactions during fractionation and interaction with crustal rocks, including metaevaporites, generating more felsic magmatic rocks and Kiruna-type iron deposits. A second generation of this ore type, with a minor economic importance, appears to have been formed about 100 Ma later. The epigenetic Cu-Au±Fe oxide mineralisation formed during two stages of the Svecofennian evolution in association with magmatic and metamorphic events and crustal-scale shear zones. During the first stage of mineralisation, from 1.89-1.88 Ga, intrusion-related (porphyry-style) mineralisation and Cu-Au deposits of IOCG affinity formed from magmatichydrothermal systems, whereas vein-style and shear zone deposits largely formed at c. 1.78 Ga. The large range of different Fe oxide and Cu-Au±Fe oxide deposits in Northern Norrbotten is associated with various alteration systems, involving e.g. scapolite, albite, K feldspar, biotite, carbonates, tourmaline and sericite. However, among the apatite iron ores and the epigenetic Cu-Au±Fe oxide deposits the character of mineralization, type of ore- and alteration minerals and metal associations are partly controlled by stratigraphic position (i.e. depth of emplacement). Highly saline, NaCl+CaCl2 dominated fluids, commonly also including a CO2-rich population, appear to be a common characteristic feature irrespective of type and age of deposits. Thus, fluids with similar characteristics appear to have been active during quite different stages of the geological evolution. Ore fluids related to epigenetic Cu-Au±Fe oxides display a trend with decreasing salinity, which probably was caused by mixing with meteoric water. Tentatively, this can be linked to different Cu-Au ore paragenesis, including an initial (magnetite)-pyrite-chalcopyrite stage, a main chalcopyrite stage, and a late bornite stage. Based on the anion composition and the Br/Cl ratio of ore related fluids bittern brines and metaevaporites (including scapolite) seem to be important sources to the high salinity hydrothermal systems generating most of the deposits in Norrbotten. Depending on local conditions and position in the crust these fluids generated a variety of Cu-Au deposits. These include typical IOCG-deposits (Fe-oxides and Cu-Au are part of the same process), IOCG of iron stone type (pre-existing Fe-oxide deposit with later addition of Cu-Au), IOCG of reduced type (lacking Fe-oxides due to local reducing conditions) and vein-style Cu-Au deposits. From a strict genetic point of view, IOCG deposits that formed from fluids of a mainly magmatic origin should be considered to be a different type than those deposits associated with mainly non-magmatic fluids. The former tend to overlap with porphyry systems, whereas those of a mainly non-magmatic origin overlap with sediment hosted Cu-deposits with respect to their origin and character of the ore fluids.

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  • 19. Melheim, Lene
    et al.
    Grandin, Lena
    Persson, Per-Olof
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Stoz-Gale, Zofia
    Williams, A.
    Angelini, I.
    Canovaro, C.
    Hjärthner-Holdar, Eva
    Kristiansen, K.
    Possible origins for copper in Bronze Age Denmark based on lead isotopes and geochemistry2018In: Journal of Archaeological Science, ISSN 0305-4403, E-ISSN 1095-9238, Vol. 96, p. 85-105Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 20. Nord, Anders
    et al.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Isotopes in cultural heritage: present and future possibilities2018In: Heritage Science, E-ISSN 2050-7445, Vol. 6, no 25, p. 1-13Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 21. Nord, Anders
    et al.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Tronner, Kate
    Björling Olausson, Karin
    Lead isotope data for provenancing mediaeval pigments in Swedish mural paintings2015In: Journal of Cultural Heritage, ISSN 1296-2074, E-ISSN 1778-3674, Vol. 16, p. 856-861Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 22. Nord, Anders
    et al.
    Lundmark, Elin
    Asp, Mia
    Tronner, Kate
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Pigmentanalys av 1100-talsmålningarna i Torpa kyrka, Kungsör2017In: Fornvännen, ISSN 0015-7813, E-ISSN 1404-9430, Vol. 2017, no 2, p. 73-79Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 23. Nord, Anders
    et al.
    Tronner, Kate
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Asp, Misa
    Lundmark, Elin
    Björling Olausson, Karin
    Pigmentanalys av medeltida muralmålningar i sju norrlandskyrkor2017In: Fornvännen, ISSN 0015-7813, E-ISSN 1404-9430, Vol. 112, p. 216-226Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The authors have sampled and analysed pigments from murals in seven Medieval churches in the northern 2/3 of Sweden. These churches are, listed from south to north: Trönö, Enånger, Hälsingtuna, Alnö, Liden, Grundsunda and Nederluleå.The murals date from c. 1300–1550.The analyses were performed with a Hitachi S-4300 scanning electron microscope. The churches of Enånger and Alnö are richly decorated, and they also yielded the most interesting results. In Enånger we identified ultramarine and yellow volborthite, a rare copper vanadate mineral. In Hälsingtuna the infrequently used mineral vivianite was found. Some of these churches were presumably important sojourns for pilgrims en route along the coast of the Baltic Sea to Nidaros-Trondheim. The murals in the Old church of Nederluleå, 800 km north of Stockholm, are generally attributed to the workshop of the renowned master Albertus Pictor, and our pigment analyses support this. In Trönö, Liden and Grundsunda only fragmentary murals survive. Seven lead pigments were selected from four churches and analyzed with a mass spectrometer to determine their lead isotope ratios. The lead pigments in Hälsingtuna, Grundsunda and Nederluleå originate in Germany, presumably the Harz or Erzgebirge regions. Three lead pigments used at Enånger were found to be a mixture of pigments from Germany and Sweden, in the latter case from the Bergslagen region, where mines were worked quite early. This is the first time that we have identified a Medieval lead pigment with a Swedish origin.

  • 24. Nord, Anders
    et al.
    Tronner, Kate
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Gustafsson Belzacq, Marianne
    Pigment traces on medieval stonework in Goland´s churches - examination of seven 12th century baptismal fonts and a limestone pew2016In: Fornvännen, ISSN 0015-7813, E-ISSN 1404-9430, no 1, p. 17-26Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 25. Nord, Anders
    et al.
    Tronner, Kate
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Strandberg Zerpe, Birgitta
    Analysis of mediaeval Swedish paintings influenced by Russian-Byzanthine art2016In: Journal of Cultural Heritage, ISSN 1296-2074, E-ISSN 1778-3674Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 26. Nord, Anders
    et al.
    Tronner, Kate
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Strandberg Zerpe, Birgitta
    Analysis of mediaeval Swedish paintings influenced by Russian-Byzantine art2017In: Journal of Cultural Heritage, ISSN 1296-2074, E-ISSN 1778-3674, Vol. 23, p. 162-169Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 27. Salifu, Musah
    et al.
    Aiglsperger, T.
    Hällström, Lina
    Martinsson, Olof
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Ingri, Johan
    Dold, B.
    Alakangas, Lena
    Strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotopes: A tracer for geochemical processes in mineralogically-complex mine wastes2018In: Applied Geochemistry, ISSN 0883-2927, E-ISSN 1872-9134, Vol. 99, p. 42-54Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 28. Shumlyanskyy, Leonid
    et al.
    Ernst, Richard
    Söderlund, Ulf
    Lund University.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Mitrokhin, O
    Tsymbal, Stephan
    New U–Pb ages for mafic dykes in the Northwestern region of the Ukrainian shield: coeval tholeiitic and jotunitic magmatism2016In: GFF, ISSN 1103-5897, E-ISSN 2000-0863, Vol. 138, p. 79-85Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The palaeoproterozoic Northwestern region of the Ukrainian shield hosts two compositional types of mafic dykes and associated magmatism that intruded at c. 1800–1760 Ma: (1) high-Ni dolerite dykes and layered intrusions of tholeiitic affinity and (2) high-Ti dolerite dykes of jotunitic affinity associated with anorthosite–mangerite–charnockite–granite (AMCG) suites. The jotunitic dykes represent initial melts for basic rocks of the Korosten AMCG plutonic complex, whereas tholeiitic dykes may reflect emplacement of a mantle plume and formation of a large igneous province (LIP). New U–Pb baddeleyite ages indicate that both compositional types can be coeval: the jotunitic Rudnya Bazarska dyke was emplaced at 1793 ・} 3 Ma, and the Zamyslovychi tholeiitic dolerite dyke at 1789 +/-9 Ma. In our model, the mantle plume-derived tholeiitic melts (underplate) supplied heat required for melting of the mafic lower crust and the production of jotunitic melts. As formation of the jotunite melts requires pressures in the range 10–13 kbar, either a thickened crust is needed or the lower crust must be subducted, or downthrusted, into the mantle. Alternatively, emplacement and ponding of large volume of tholeiitic melts might cause delamination of the lower crust, its sinking into the mantle, and further fusion to produce jotunitic melts.

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  • 29. Shumlyanskyy, Leonid
    et al.
    Ernst, Rickard
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    A U-Pb age of the Davydky gabbro-syenite massif of the Korosten plutonic complex.2015In: Geochemistry and ore formation, Vol. 35, p. 37-42Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 30. Shumlyanskyy, Leonid
    et al.
    Ernst, Rickard
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Wing, Boswell
    Bekker, Andrey
    Age and sulfur isotope composition of the Prutivka intrusion (the 1.78 Ga Prutivka-Novogol large igneous province in Sarmatia)2016In: Mineralogical journal (Ukraine), ISSN 0204-3548, Vol. 38, no 3, p. 91-100Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 31. Shumlyanskyy, Leonid
    et al.
    Hawkesworth, Chris
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Bogdanova, Svetlana
    Mytrokhyn, Oleksandr
    Romer, Rolf
    Dhuime, Bruno
    Claesson, Stefan
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Ernst, Richard
    Whitehouse, Martin
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Bilan, Olena
    The origin of the Palaeoproterozoic AMCG complexes in the Ukrainian shield: New U-Pb ages and Hf isotopes in zircon2017In: Precambrian Research, ISSN 0301-9268, E-ISSN 1872-7433, Vol. 292, p. 216-239Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 32. Shumlyanskyy, Leonid
    et al.
    Hawkesworth, Chris
    Dhuime, Bruno
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Claesson, Stefan
    Storey, Craig
    207Pb/206Pb ages and Hf isotope compositions of zircons from sedimentary rocks of the Ukrainian shield: Crustal growth of the south-western part of the East European craton from Archaean to Neoproterozoic2015In: Precambrian Research, ISSN 0301-9268, E-ISSN 1872-7433, Vol. 260, p. 39-54Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 33. Shumlyanskyy, Leonid
    et al.
    Mitrokhin, O
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Ernst, Richard
    Vishnevska, Eugenia
    Tsymbal, Stepan
    Cuney, Michel
    Soesoo, Alvar
    The ca. 1.8 Ga mantle plume related magmatism of the central part of the Ukrainian shield2016In: GFF, ISSN 1103-5897, E-ISSN 2000-0863, Vol. 138, p. 86-101Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Palaeoproterozoic (ca. 1.8 Ga) mafic and ultramafic dykes are widely distributed within thewhole Sarmatian segment of the East-European craton. This paper focuses on new geochronological,geochemicaland isotope data obtained for mafic and ultramafic dykes of the Ingul terrain. Geochronological data available for these dykes indicate ages around 1800 Ma. We provide a new U–Pb zircon age of1810 ± 15 Ma obtained for a dolerite dyke in the Kirovograd area. Geochemical and petrographical dataallow identification of three groups of dykes: (1) kimberlites, (2) high-Mg# subalkaline rocks (picrite,camptonite, subalkaline dolerite etc.) and (3) tholeiite dolerite. Rocks of these groups were probably derived from different sources. Eps-Nd1800 values of studied rocks vary from 0.7 to 2.8. The highest values were obtained for mantle xenoliths and their kimberlite host (Eps-Nd1800 = 2.5–2.8). Rb–Sr data yield aregressionage of 1729 ± 20 Ma with an initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70366 ± 41 (MSWD = 10.8). The whole-rock lead isotope data scatter, but data for sub-groups of samples can tentatively be fitted to parallel 1.8 Ga isochrons.The geochemical data indicate rocks to have formed by partial melting and the degree of melting is thought to be a function of formation depth, the latter ranging from sub-lithospheric to lower crustal levels; we assume that melting was caused by a mantle plume. Dyking in the Ingul terrain was closely associated in time and space with metasomatic albitites that host numerous economic U deposits.

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  • 34. Shumlyanskyy, Leonid
    et al.
    Nosova, Anna
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Söderlund, Ulf
    Lund University.
    Andréasson, Per-Gunnar
    Lund University.
    Kuzmenkova, Oksana
    The U–Pb zircon and baddeleyite ages of the Neoproterozoic Volyn Large Igneous Province: implication for the age of the magmatism and the nature of a crustal contaminant2016In: GFF, ISSN 1103-5897, E-ISSN 2000-0863, Vol. 138, p. 17-30Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Volyn continental flood basalt province is situated on the western margin of the East European platform and constitutes a significant portion of the passive continental margin sequence formed along the Trans-European Suture Zone in response to Rodinia break-up in the Neoproterozoic. In Ukraine, the volcanogenic sequence is subdivided into suites called Zabolottya, Babyne and Ratne,which together with the lowermost terrigeneous Gorbashy suite comprise the Volyn series. Magmatic zircons from one high-Ti basalt sample yielded an age of 573 ± 14 Ma, whereas grains isolated from a rhyolitic dacite yielded an age of 571 ± 13 Ma. Baddeleyite from the olivine dolerite sample gave an older 206Pb/238U age of 626 ± 17 Ma, whereas the 207Pb/206Pb weighted average age of 567 ± 61 Ma is close to the zircon ages. Zircons separated from the other basaltic samples are much older and crystallized at c. 1290, 1470, 1820-1860, 1930-2050 and 2660 Ma. Ages in the 1820-1860 and 1930-2050 Ma time spans correspond to the ages of the Precambrian basement that underlies the Volyn province. However, the sources for the 1290, 1470 and 2660 Ma zircons are unknown, and these zircons must have been derivedfrom more distal areas.

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  • 35. Shumlyanskyy, Leonid
    et al.
    Wilde, Simon
    Nemchin, Alexander
    Claesson, Stefan
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Baginski, Boguslaw
    Eoarchean rock association in the Dniester-Bouh Domain of the Ukrainian Shield: A suite of LILE-depleted enderbites and mafic granulites2020In: Precambrian Research, ISSN 0301-9268, E-ISSN 1872-7433Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present the results of a study of an Eoarchean rock assemblage in the Dniester-Bouh Domain of the Ukrainian Shield. This comprises granulite-facies granitoids intercalated with mafic and ultramafic granulites. Zircon U-Pb geochronology indicates enderbite crystallisation at 3786 ± 32 Ma, followed by a subsequent event at ca. 3500 Ma. Several events can be tentatively identified that affected these rocks between ca. 3000 and 2700 Ma. The last zircon growth event took place in response to granulite facies metamorphism and included two separate episodes at ca. 2000 and ca. 1900 Ma. The oldest two zircon populations in enderbites have εHf values around 0, indicating their crystallisation from a protolith with a short crustal residence time. Zircons that crystallised during the 3000–2700 Ma event(s) vary in Hf isotope systematics from εHf ~ 1 at ca. 3000 Ma to εHf ~ −14 at c. 2700 Ma. Paleoproterozoic zircons reveal even more significant variations in εHf value from +6 to –22. Such variations are indicative of juvenile input and mixing with old non-radiogenic Hf.

    All Eoarchean rocks are depleted in incompatible trace elements and have negative Ta-Nb, P, and Ti anomalies. Compared to the typical TTG associations, enderbites record depletion in felsic components (SiO2, Na2O, K2O, Rb, Th), and enrichment in mafic ones (TiO2, MgO, CaO, V), allowing them to be defined as “mafic” or “depleted” TTG.

    Geochemical data indicate that mafic and ultramafic rocks of the Dniester-Bouh Domain formed by shallow high-degree melting of the mantle, with the absence of garnet in their source, and the presence of residual Ti-bearing minerals and/or amphibole. In contrast, enderbites were formed from a mixed garnet-bearing amphibolite – eclogite source, i.e. melting over a range of pressures/depths. Our preferred model for the formation of the Eoarchean rock association involves the shallow melting of mantle and formation of basalts and accompanying ultramafic cumulates at a spreading centre, with subsequent underthrusting of one segment of oceanic crust beneath the other, and partial melting of hydrated metamorphosed (eclogitized) mafic rocks in the underthrust plate, leading to the formation of the TTG melts

  • 36. Stalder, Roland
    et al.
    Potrafke, Alexander
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Skogby, Henrik
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Meinhold, Guido
    Gögele, Christian
    Berberich, Thomas
    OH defects in quartz as monitor for igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary processes2017In: American Mineralogist, ISSN 0003-004X, E-ISSN 1945-3027, Vol. 102, p. 1832-1842Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 37. Subías, I.
    et al.
    Fanlo, I.
    Hajjar, Z.
    Gervilla, F.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Isotopic constraints on the age and source of ore-forming fluids of the Bou Azzer arsenide ores (Morocco)2022In: Ore Geology Reviews, ISSN 0169-1368, E-ISSN 1872-7360, Vol. 143, p. 104769-104769, article id 104769Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Bou Azzer district in Morocco has a long mining history since the beginning of the XXst century during which it has become the only world producer of Co from primary, hydrothermal Co arsenide ores. Orebodies are structurally controlled, and mainly distributed along fault contacts between Cryogenian ophiolite-related serpentinite bodies and intrusive quartz diorite or, locally, ophiolitic gabbros or Ediacaran volcanic rocks. Ore formation took place through a multi-stage mineralizing process that included an early stage composed by gold, quartz, chlorite, muscovite and calcite, followed by the main arsenide and sulfarsenide stage (subdivided into three substages, IIa: Ni-rich, Co ores, IIb: Co-Fe ores and IIc: Fe-Co ores), and ending with an epithermal stage characterized by the precipitation of sulfides along with quartz and calcite. Field relations and most previous geochronologic dating pointed to a post Pan-African age of ore formation, mainly coincident with the Hercynian orogeny.

    The isotopic study presented in this paper includes S, Pb, Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd data of a set of ore mineral samples from three deposits (Aghbar, Tamdrost and Aït Ahmane), as well as of regional samples representative of the different lithologies occurring in the Bou Azzer area. The isotope data set was completed with S isotope analyses of arsenide and sulfarsenide minerals from five ore deposits (Filon 7/5, Aghbar, Tamdrost, Ightem and Aït-Ahmane) and of some whole-rock regional samples. Results show that ores formed during multi-episodic hydrothermal events connected with hercynian reactivation of Devonian-Carboniferous faults, supporting previous geochronologic dating. The obtained Pb, Sr, Nd and S isotopic signatures of ore minerals and regional rocks further show that ophiolite-related lithologies became isotopically modified by interaction with crustal material and afterwards acted as the main source of ore-forming elements. Nevertheless, isotopic data do not fully concur with such a simple scenario but are quite consistent with a rather complex interpretation based on multi-source origin of some elements and isotopes scavenged from a number of isotopically different lithologies both from the inferred basement and the volcanic and sedimentary cover.

  • 38. Subías, Isubias
    et al.
    Fanlo, Isabel
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Ore-forming timing of polymetallic-fluorite low temperature veins from Central Pyrenees: a Pb, Nd and Sr isotope perspective2015In: Ore Geology Reviews, ISSN 0169-1368, E-ISSN 1872-7360, Vol. 70, p. 241-251Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 39. Sundblad, Krister
    et al.
    Salin, Evgenia
    Claesson, Stefan
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Gyllencreutz, Richard
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    The Precambrian of Gotland, a key for understanding the Proterozoic evolution in southern Fennoscandia2021In: Precambrian Research, ISSN 0301-9268, E-ISSN 1872-7433, Vol. 363, p. 106321-106321, article id 106321Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 40. Zsolt, Benko
    et al.
    Molnar, F.
    Lespinasse, M.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Pecskay, Z.
    Nemeth, T.
    Triassic fluid mobilization and epigenetic lead-zinc sulphide mineralization in the Transdanubian shear zone (Pannonian basin, Hungary)2014In: Geologica Carpathica, ISSN 1335-0552, E-ISSN 1336-8052, Vol. 65, p. 177-194Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A combined fluid inclusion, fluid inclusion plane, lead isotope and K/Ar radiometric age dating work has been carried out on two lead-zinc mineralizations situated along the Periadriatic-Balaton Lineament in the central part of the Pannonian Basin, in order to reveal their age and genetics as well as temporal-spatial relationships to other lead-zinc fluorite mineralization in the Alp-Carpathian region. According to fluid inclusion studies, the formation of the quartz fluorite-galena-sphalerite veins in the Velence Mts is the result of mixing of low (0—12 NaCl equiv. wt. %) and high salinity (10—26 CaCl2 equiv. wt. %) brines. Well-crystallized (R3-type) illite associated with the mineralized hydrothermal veins indicates that the maximum temperature of the hydrothermal fluids could have been around 250 °C. K/Ar radiometric ages of illite, separated from the hydrothermal veins provided ages of 209—232 Ma, supporting the Mid- to Late-Triassic age of the hydrothermal fluid flow. Fluid inclusion plane studies have revealed that hydrothermal circulation was regional in the granite, but more intensive around the mineralized zones. Lead isotope signatures of hydrothermal veins in the Velence Mts (206Pb/204Pb = 18.278—18.363, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.622—15.690 and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.439—38.587) and in Szabadbattyán (206Pb/204Pb = 18.286—18.348, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.667—15.736 and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.552—38.781) form a tight cluster indicating similar, upper crustal source of the lead in the two mineralizations. The nature of mineralizing fluids, age of the fluid flow, as well as lead isotopic signatures of ore minerals point towards a genetic link between epigenetic carbonate-hosted stratiform-stratabound Alpine-type lead-zinc-fluorite deposits in the Southern and Eastern Alps and the studied deposits in the Velence Mts and at Szabadbattyán. In spite of the differences in host rocks and the depth of the ore precipitation, it is suggested that the studied deposits along the Periadriatic-Balaton Lineament in the Pannonian Basin and in the Alps belong to the same regional scale fluid flow system, which developed during the advanced stage of the opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. The common origin and ore formation process is more evident considering results of large-scale palinspastic reconstructions. These suggest, that the studied deposits in the central part of the Pannonian Basin were located in a zone between the Eastern and Southern Alps until the Early Paleogene and were emplaced to their current location due to northeastward escape of large crustal blocks from the Alpine collision zone.

  • 41. Álvaro, J. Javier
    et al.
    Billström, Kjell
    Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology.
    Hallmann, Christian
    Hoshino, Yosuke
    Jorge, Alberto
    Ediacaran cap carbonates with microbial build-ups capping barite-bearing methane seep networks in the Kaarta Mountains, Taoudeni Basin, Mali2023In: Sedimentary Geology, ISSN 0037-0738, E-ISSN 1879-0968, Vol. 455, p. 106481-106481, article id 106481Article in journal (Refereed)
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